Topic Review
GNSS Time-Based Clustering Of Mobile Laser Scanning Data From Forest
Mobile laser scanning (MLS) is a progressive technology that has already demonstrated its ability to provide highly accurate measurements of road networks. Mobile innovation of the laser scanning has also found its use in forest mapping over the last decade. In most cases, existing methods for forest data acquisition using MLS result in misaligned scenes of the forest, scanned from different views appearing in one point cloud. These difficulties are caused mainly by forest canopy blocking the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal and limited access to the forest. We propose an approach to the processing of MLS data of forest scanned from different views with two mobile laser scanners under heavy canopy. Misaligned scenes of the forest acquired from different views were successfully extracted from the raw MLS point cloud using GNSS time-based point clustering. In order to align extracted MLS data acquired from different views under heavy forest canopy, the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm was used. An average misalignment of 7.2 mm was achieved for the point clouds aligned using ICP algorithm. DBH was estimated from the aligned MLS data using a simple circle-fitting method with a root-mean-square error of 3.06 cm.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Biomass Increment of Melia dubia
Farmland tree cultivation is considered an important option for enhancing wood production. In South India, the native leaf-deciduous tree species Melia dubia is popular for short-rotation plantations. Exploration of key controls of biomass accumulation in tree is very much essential to guide farmers and update agricultural landscape carbon budget. Further, resource conservation and allocation for components of agroforestry. M. dubia growths depends on water availability and how water it requires for its aggressive carbon consumption strategy has yet to be explored.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Humus
Etymologically the word "humus" means ground, dirt; the meaning of "homo" or "human" is near to earthling or being of the earth, earth here referring to the ground, or dirt (https://sites.psu.edu/josephvadella/2017/09/08/origins-of-human/). Essentially the words humus and human mean "connected to the earth", earth understood as dust, soil, dirt. The best way to express such a concept comes from an ancient religious Latin sentence: "pulvis est et pulvis reverteris", solemnly pronounced by priests as they deposited a pinch of ash on the believers' heads. Consider that earth has also become the name of the whole planet Earth, and that the Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis assigns the planet the functioning of a quasi-organism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis). The notion of humus contains and makes explicit the very concept of all existing matter. What is matter (living or not), if always, at a given cyclical moment, matter is forced to disappear by a principle which founds the future of this same matter? Understanding even partially this principle is useful for every single individual and for the whole of the co-evolving society.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Gliricidia sepium on Crop Performance
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp is a well-known agroforestry leguminous tree that provides multiple benefits in different agroecological zones. Its apparent versatility is seen in improving animal feed, cleaning environmental wastes, and healing inflammations. It was also found to have significant benefits in agroforestry due to its ability to enhance soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and green manure. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Agroforestry
Agroforestry is recognized as a sustainable land use practice that creates more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, sustainable land-use systems. However, the uptake of such a promising land use practice is slow. Through this research, carried out in a Terai district of Nepal, we thoroughly examine what influences farmers’ choice of agroforestry adoption and what discourages the adoption. For this, a total of 288 households were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Two agroforestry practices were compared with conventional agriculture with the help of the Multinomial Logistic Regression (MNL) model. The likelihood of adoption was found to be influenced by gender: the male-headed households were more likely to adopt the tree-based farming practice. Having a source of off-farm income was positively associated with the adoption decision of farmers. Area of farmland was found as the major constraint to agroforestry adoption for smallholder farmers. Some other variables that affected positively included livestock herd size, provision of extension service, home-to-forest distance, farmers’ group membership and awareness of farmers about environmental benefits of agroforestry. Irrigation was another adoption constraint that the study area farmers were faced with. The households with a means of transport and with a larger family (household) size were found to be reluctant regarding agroforestry adoption. A collective farming practice could be a strategy to engage the smallholder farmers in agroforestry.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Fire-Fighting Adapter
The presented article presents an innovative solution of a fire-fighting adapter based on the basic hypothesis: to provide sufficient technical support in difficult terrain conditions for water transport logistics in order to quickly prevent the spread and destruction of forest fire. At present, when forest fires begin, it is often quite complicated to provide sufficient technical support for the quick prevention and elimination of fires. This fact is largely eliminated by the designed fire-fighting adapter. The mentioned fire-fighting adapter can be used as a fire-fighting mobile device with a base machine of a forest wheeled skidder (LKT), part of the long-distance transport of water in difficult terrain (lake system), a water tank in difficult terrain with the possibility of filling the Bambi bag with a helicopter, part of the long-distance transport of water in the case of a difficult water source without a forest access road network, and a mobile device for emergency transportation of materials in difficult terrain. In addition to the use for fighting forest fires, the fire adapter can also be used to provide for transport of water for forest nurseries (irrigation), freshly planted areas in the event of prolonged drought, the filling of watering-places for forest animals and filling puddles in the dry season. When designing the supporting frame, we used and imitated the evolutionary approach of nature in the form of generative design. The presented paper deals with the use of modern composite materials in the design of superstructures for base machines, which gradually acquire meaning. The main reason for the increasing use of fiberglass is to achieve higher strength and safer weight reduction. This adapter is designed for forest wheel tractors that reach 40% slope availability, areable to work on the stand area, overcome obstacles and are available in sufficient quantities in all Slovak forest areas.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Epigenetics for Forest Trees
Epigenetics refers to a scientific domain studying all the processes affecting the expression of genes and/or the activity of transposable elements (TEs) without altering the DNA sequence that may be heritable by mitosis (during development) and/or meiosis (across generations). Forest trees are sessile, perennial, and modular organisms with complex life cycles that are often challenged by environmental variations such as actual climate changes during their long-lifespan. Surviving tree populations can respond to these environmental changes through complex and interacting mechanisms and notably using epigenetics. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Organosolv Lignin-Based Polyurethane
Polyurethanes (PUs) present an important class of polymers due to outstanding mechanical, chemical and physical properties. Thus, they find application in many industrial sectors in the form of flexible or rigid foams, coatings, adhesives, elastomers, thermoplasts or thermosets. Modern PU coating applications include self-healing coating films that can also be applied to rather rough surfaces, such as wood.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
GPR in Wood Structures
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a nondestructive inspection tool based upon the electromagnetic (EM) theory that radio wave propagation is governed by the EM properties of a dielectric material. GPR has many characteristics that make it attractive as an inspection tool for wood: it is faster than many acoustic and stress wave techniques; it does not require the use of a couplant; while it can also detect the presence of moisture. Moisture detection is of prime concern, and several researchers have labored to measure internal moisture using GPR.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Conifer Biotechnology
Conifers are a group of plants that encompasses the oldest living trees and shrubs on our planet. They have existed for more than 300 million years, starting from a common ancestor of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Conifers comprise two-thirds of gymnosperms and include species of high forest interest, such as pines, spruces, cypresses, or sequoias. Conifers constitute the largest and most diverse group of gymnosperms. Conifers and other gymnosperms were the dominant trees during the Mesozoic Era, which is also known as the Age of the Conifers, although they posteriorly declined and were replaced by angiosperms as the dominant group.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Forest Biomass
Forest biomass is a sustainable source of renewable energy and a valuable alternative to finite fossil fuels. However, its overharvesting may lead to soil nutrient depletion and threaten future stand productivity, as well as affect the habitat for biodiversity.
  • 970
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Medicinal Mushroom Therapeutic Use
Medicinal mushrooms have important health benefits and exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antiallergic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiviral, cytotoxic, immunomodulating, antidepressive, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, digestive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, osteoprotective, and hypotensive activities. 
  • 948
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Dendrochronology
A significant part of our cultural heritage consists of wood. Research on historical wooden structures and artefacts thereby provides knowledge of people’s daily lives and the society in which they lived. Dendrochronology is a well-established dating method of wood that can also provide valuable knowledge about climate dynamics, environmental changes, silviculture, and cultural transformations. But dendrochronological surveys in the context of cultural heritage studies are rarely ultimately performed. In this study, we discuss how continuous communication between end users and dendrochronologists can significantly improve the quality of heritage studies based on dendrochronological results.
  • 943
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Forest Fire Protection
The entry presents some significant issues related to the fire protection infrastructure in forests. In every forest complex a sufficiently dense network of fire roads is an extremely important element of the fire protection system. The requirements to identify roads as fire roads within the forest communication network and to maintain their condition up to a certain technical standard has been briefly explained.
  • 919
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Mangrove Blue Carbon Stocks
Mangrove forests play an important role in mitigating climate change but are threatened by aquaculture expansion (shrimp ponds). The change of land use from natural environments to productive uses, generates a change in the balance and carbon sequestration and storaging. In mangrove forest the carbon stocks are larger than in other tropical forest. Addtionally, soil mangrove forest represent 40-80% of Cardon stocks.  These reasons are the evidence of mangrove forest need to be included in REED programs and conservation strategies.
  • 908
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Herbivory Exclosure
Large wild herbivores are important and natural components of forest ecosystems, but through their browsing activities have the potential to influence the structure and composition of forest communities, thus timber production and ecosystem dynamics.
  • 899
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Panel Products Made of Oil Palm Trunk
Oil palm plantations have expanded rapidly in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia and Malaysia. A lot of products, including food and other edible products, oleo-chemicals, cosmetics, personal and household care, pharmaceutical products, and biodiesels are derived from palm oil, thus making them one of the most economically important plants.
  • 898
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Fungi in Pine Wilt Disease
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a complex disease that severely affects the biodiversity and economy of Eurasian coniferous forests. Three factors are described as the main elements of the disease: the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the insect-vector Monochamus spp., and the host tree, mainly Pinus spp. Nonetheless, other microbial interactors have also been considered.
  • 896
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
General Features of Micropropagation
Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis are the two substitute pathways in plant micropropagation [16]. However, some literature emphasised the shoot proliferation as a separate class of Eucalyptus micropropagation method. To better understand the prospects of in vitro scenarios, in the coming section, we briefly describe the concepts of organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in Eucalyptus.
  • 890
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Romanian Forestry
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a North American species that was introduced in Romania around the end of the 17th century, and it was first used in large-scale afforestation of degraded lands in the year 1852. Due to its remarkable adaptability, fast growth, and vigorous sprouting capacity, it has become one of the most widely spread exotic species in Romania. Using black locust for afforestation, Romanian foresters successfully reclaimed large areas of abandoned agricultural land degraded by “flying sands” in southwest of the country, thus contributing to mitigation of the aridization phenomena. Driving the extensive use of the species was its durable and versatile wood, much appreciated by rural communities, complemented with major benefits from crop fields and settlement protection against wind/sand deflation, as well as economically viable byproducts. In addition to the immediate improvements to local microclimate, afforestations also contributed to long-term climate change mitigation by sequestering atmospheric CO2 in the carbon pools (living tree biomass, soil organic matter, litter) as well as downstream wood products (e.g., furniture). Nevertheless, in the past decade, awareness has been raised towards its invasive potential in protected areas.
  • 886
  • 26 Oct 2022
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