You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Michael Adesokan
 -- 4366 2023-04-25 11:54:45 |
2 Reference format revised.
Lindsay Dong
 -2872 word(s) 1494 2023-04-26 07:49:33 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Alamu, E.O.; Adesokan, M.; Fawole, S.; Maziya-Dixon, B.; Mehreteab, T.; Chikoye, D. Impact of Gliricidia sepium on Crop Performance. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/43445 (accessed on 16 July 2025).
Alamu EO, Adesokan M, Fawole S, Maziya-Dixon B, Mehreteab T, Chikoye D. Impact of Gliricidia sepium on Crop Performance. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/43445. Accessed July 16, 2025.
Alamu, Emmanuel Oladeji, Michael Adesokan, Segun Fawole, Busie Maziya-Dixon, Tesfai Mehreteab, David Chikoye. "Impact of Gliricidia sepium on Crop Performance" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/43445 (accessed July 16, 2025).
Alamu, E.O., Adesokan, M., Fawole, S., Maziya-Dixon, B., Mehreteab, T., & Chikoye, D. (2023, April 25). Impact of Gliricidia sepium on Crop Performance. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/43445
Alamu, Emmanuel Oladeji, et al. "Impact of Gliricidia sepium on Crop Performance." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 April, 2023.
Impact of Gliricidia sepium on Crop Performance
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/f14030635

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp is a well-known agroforestry leguminous tree that provides multiple benefits in different agroecological zones. Its apparent versatility is seen in improving animal feed, cleaning environmental wastes, and healing inflammations. It was also found to have significant benefits in agroforestry due to its ability to enhance soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and green manure. 

Gliricidia agroforestry intercropping mulch biochar

1. Introduction

Legume trees are essential in reforestation programs, soil preservation, and green manure. They were reported to have high growth capacity, providing ecosystem services such as biomass production, recycling of nutrients, nitrogen (N) fixation, and carbon (C) sequestration [1]. Using leguminous trees in biomass production in alley cropping systems shows excellent potential in enhancing agricultural production and sustainability [2]. They improve soil fertility, increase crop productivity, and ensure the sustainability of tropical agroecosystems through nitrogen fixation, shade provision, green manuring, and mulch production [3][4]. N-fixing leguminous trees and N-mineral fertilizers are used to recover heavily degraded soils [5]. Legume trees were also used for several other applications, including controlling pests and diseases, as supplements in animal feed, and as sustainable raw materials for electrical energy production [6][7][8][9].
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp (G. sepium) is a medium-sized legume tree native to Central America but also grows naturally in Santa Rosa and Veracruz, Mexico. G. sepium is from the Fabaceae family, the most prominent family in the plant world, and is mainly considered a source of relatively valuable plant protein [10]. It is sometimes called the “alfalfa of the tropics” because it has better water usage efficiency than alfalfa and may be used as forage by livestock [11]. It is a well-known multipurpose tree due to its ability to adapt well to various soils, including alkaline, acidic, sandy, heavy clay, and limestone [12]. However, it thrives best in medium-textured, well-drained, and fertile soils with near-neutral acidity [13]. Gliricidia was reported as a non-aggressive invader because it is a light-demanding species and unlikely to invade dense plant communities. However, it is often plagued with Aphis craccivora, which blackens the leaves and makes them fall prematurely [13]. The use of Gliricidia in agroforestry is due to its ability to adapt very well to a wide range of soils and a very high level of soil salt stress. The adaptation to soil salinity stress is seen in its ability to produce new leaves about two weeks after losing all leaves due to abrupt salinity stress [12]. G. sepium is a dominant crop for alley cropping in tropical and subtropical regions [3]. Its biochar application for the removal of caffeine in water and detoxification of coir pith was also reported [14][15], while Grygier et al. [10] recommended Gliricidia sepium as an unconventional source of oil, with oil yields similar to that of soybean (Glycine max). Furthermore, several scholars reported using Gliricidia leaves (Figure 1) and trees for anthelmintic purposes. The wound healing effect of Gliricidia leaves grown in Indonesia, and the Philippines was studied. The scholars found that the leaves contain flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which act as anti-inflammatory agents, enhancing the healing process [9].
/media/item_content/202304/6448ba67294e2forests-14-00635-g001.png
Figure 1. Photo of Gliricidia sepium leaves.

2. Impact of Gliricidia sepium on Crop Performance and Crop Nutritional Properties

Gliricidia sepium tremendously impacted food crops’ yield and nutritional composition, especially maize, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.

Table 1. Summary of the application of Gliricidia for improving crop quality.
Crop Gliricidia
Application Mode		 Gliricidia Application Effect Location Reference
Maize Intercropping Enhanced soil health and maize yield Malawi [16]
Maize Intercropping Soil fertility and maize yield improved Malawi [17]
Maize *** Improved food crops and household food security Malawi [18]
Maize Intercropping Yield enhanced Malawi [19]
Quality Protein Maize Intercropping Nutritional value improved Brazil [20]
Maize Intercropping Improved yield Brazil [21]
Maize Intercropping Improved yield Brazil [22]
Maize Intercropping Improved yield Brazil [23]
Maize Mulching Improved Yield Nigeria [24]
Sweet corn Leaf pruning Nitrogen uptake improved Malaysia [25]
Tomato Woody biochar Facilitated nutrient uptake and increased plant biomass Sri Lanka [26]
Cotton Intercropping Nutrient accumulation and biomass productivity was enhanced Malawi [27]
Cacao Intercropping Leaf longevity Indonesia [28]
Maize, soybean and groundnut Intercropping Improved yield and nutritional properties Zambia [29]
*** Review article.
Table 2. Application of Gliricidia to improve maize yield.
  Yield  
Crop Gliricidia Plot Sole Maize Plot Inorganic Fertilizer Plot Reference
Maize 5.52 t ha−1 1.48 t ha−1 NE [16]
Maize 597.67 kg acre−1 478.75 kg acre−1 NE [18]
Maize 3.62 t ha−1 2.73 t ha−1 NE [19]
Maize * 2.5 Mg ha−1(GA)/
2.6 Mg ha−1 (GC)		 0.4 Mg ha−1 0.6 Mg ha−1 [20]
Maize 5.618 kg ha−1 6.714 kg ha−1 NE [21]
Maize 5.21 Mg ha−1 3.03 Mg ha−1 2.81 Mg ha−1 [22]
Maize 1.41 t ha−1 0.63 t ha−1 2.19 t ha−1 [24]
Maize 4520 kg ha−1 1227 kg ha−1 5954 kg ha−1 [29]
* alley cropping; NE-not evaluated; GA—Gliricidia + Acacia; GC—Gliricidia + Clitoria.
Coulibaly et al. [18] found that adopting Gliricidia sepium as fertilizer trees in Malawi increased the value of food crops by 35%, positively affecting household food security. At the same time, it was also reported that Gliricidia sepium intercropped with maize in Malawi enhanced soil health renewal and maize yield and significantly increased the nutritional composition of the crop [16]. Makumba et al. [17] demonstrated the Gliricidia-maize intercropping system to be a suitable option for soil fertility improvement and maize yield increase in sub-Saharan Africa, where inorganic fertilizer use is minimal. They found that applying Gliricidia prunings increased maize yield three-fold over sole maize cropping without soil amendments and improved topsoil nutrients. Additionally, the use of Gliricidia leaves in alley cropping to improve the nitrogen uptake of sweet corn was reported [25]. G. sepium can improve nitrogen use efficiency, increase soil organic matter, and maintain the cations base, thereby enhancing maize grain yield in infertile tropical soil [23].
The potential of intercropping maize with Gliricidia to control weeds was evaluated [30][31][32]. The scholars observed that although maize-Gliricidia showed good potential in enhancing grain yield, it was not a viable option for weed control. However, hoeing was reported to be a better option. Although Gliricidia-maize intercropping was reported to increase maize yield, Sileshi et al. [33] evaluated the yield stability of maize–Gliricidia intercropping and fertilized monoculture maize. It was reported that maize yields remained more stable in maize–Gliricidia intercropping than in fertilized maize monoculture in the long term. However, average yields may be higher with complete fertilization. Therefore, considering the long-term yield stability and the accessibility of Gliricidia to low-income farmers, Gliricidia-maize intercropping is recommended. An agroecological study was conducted in Zambia in which the effect of the agroforestry system involved utilizing Gliricidia sepium to improve soil nutrients, crop yield, and nutritional properties of food crops. Gliricidia sepium was cultivated in alley cropping with maize, soybean, and groundnut. It enhanced the yield of the cultivated crops by more than twofold and improved the crops’ nutritional properties. Intercropping maize with soybean and groundnut with Gliricidia improved crop diversification, enhancing crop resistance to climate change [29].
Cotton and sunflower nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) accumulation and biomass productivity were enhanced by adding Gliricidia pruning mixed with cattle manure. In contrast, Gliricidia-cotton intercropping is a cost-effective option for smallholder cotton farmers [27][34]. The development of beans was favored when the soil was treated with extracts of G. sepium [35]. The insecticidal effect of G. sepium leaf extracts was demonstrated. This extract repelled insects from the plants, increased the overall yield of maize and stimulated the growth of tomato plants [36][37].
The application of Gliricidia in cocoa production was also reported [28][38][39][40]. In Indonesia, cacao plants were shaded with G. sepium, and it was reported that contrary to general belief, cacao bean yield was not decreased by shading. However, the shading of cacao plants resulted in greater leaf longevity due to reduced exposure of cacao to atmospheric drought [39].
The effect of G. sepium mulch from whole leaves and chopped leaves and branches on yields and the water use efficiency of carrot plants were investigated. It was found that G. sepium mulch from entire leaves and mineral fertilization led to higher yields and water use efficiency of the carrot plants [41]. As reported by Ilangamudali et al. [42], a study in Sri Lanka assessed the potential of using coconut-based G. sepium agroforestry systems to improve the soil fertility of degraded coconut lands. The study revealed that G. sepium replenished soil fertility of degraded coconut-growing soils by giving higher soil organic matter, total nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, and microbial activity. Additionally, in Sri Lanka, the effects of different mulching materials on growth, yield, quality parameters of ginger, and soil parameters were assessed. Soil treatment with Gliricidia mulch gave the maximum number of sprouted plants, the highest plant height, and the highest number of pseudostems per clump. The scholars concluded that Gliricidia is the best mulch for ginger cultivation in the low country intermediate zone of Sri Lanka [43]. Incorporating 75% nitrogen, 100% phosphorus, 50% potassium by chemical fertilizer, and 50% potassium via Gliricidia green leaf manuring improved soil fertility and yield of soybean cultivated in Vertisols [44].
Cassava genotype TMS 4(2)1425 was reported by Okon et al. [45] to respond positively to Glomus deserticola inoculation in conjunction with a mixture of Gliricidia sepium + Senna siamea mulch. The Gliricidia mulch significantly enhanced the yield of the cassava sample due to its ameliorating effects on soil structure and nutrient content. A G. sepium substrate formulated based on 50% mill compost with 50% Gliricidia sepium effectively produced yellow passion fruit seedlings with excellent vegetative growth rates [46].

References

  1. Medinski, T.; Freese, D. Soil carbon stabilization and turnover at alley-cropping systems, Eastern Germany. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 2012, 14, 9532.
  2. De Moura, E.G.; Portela, S.B.; Macedo, V.R.A.; Sena, V.G.L.; Sousa, C.C.M.; Aguiar, A.D.C.F. Gypsum and legume residue as a strategy to improve soil conditions in the sustainability of agrosystems of the humid tropics. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1006.
  3. Wolz, K.J.; DeLucia, E.H. Alley cropping: Global patterns of species composition and function. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2018, 252, 61–68.
  4. Sena, V.G.L.; de Moura, E.G.; Macedo, V.R.A.; Aguiar, A.C.F.; Price, A.H.; Mooney, S.J.; Calonego, J.C. Ecosystem services for intensification of agriculture, with emphasis on increased nitrogen ecological use efficiency. Ecosphere 2020, 11, e03028.
  5. Aleixo, S.; Gama-Rodrigues, A.C.; Gama-Rodrigues, E.F.; Campello, E.F.C.; Silva, E.C.; Schripsema, J. Can soil phosphorus availability in tropical forest systems be increased by nitrogen-fixing leguminous trees? Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 712, 136405.
  6. Nyoka, B.I.; Simons, A.J.; Akinnifesi, F.K. Genotype–environment interaction in Gliricidia sepium: Phenotypic stability of provenances for leaf biomass yield. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2012, 157, 87–93.
  7. Edwards, A.; Mlambo, V.; Lallo, C.H.O.; Garcia, G.W. Yield, chemical Composition and In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation of the Leaves of Leucaena Leucocephala, Gliricidia Sepium and Trichanthera Gigantea as Influenced by Harvesting Frequency. J. Anim. Sci. Adv. 2012, 2 (Suppl. 3.2), 321–331.
  8. Susanto, D.; Auliana, A.; Amirta, R. Growth evaluation of several types of energy crops from tropical shrubs species. F1000Research 2019, 8, 329.
  9. Aulanni’am, A.; Ora, K.M.; Ariandini, N.A.; Wuragil, D.K.; Permata, F.S.; Riawan, W.; Beltran, M.A.G. Wound healing properties of Gliricidia sepium leaves from Indonesia and the Philippines in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Vet. World 2021, 14, 820–824.
  10. Grygier, A.; Chakradhari, S.; Ratusz, K.; Rudzinska, M.; Patel, K.S.; Lazdin, D.; Gornas, P. Seven underutilized species of the Fabaceae family with high potential for industrial application as alternative sources of oil and lipophilic bioactive compounds. Ind. Crops Prod. 2022, 186, 115251.
  11. Rahman, M.; Das, A.; Saha, S.; Uddin, M.; Rahman, M. Morphophysiological response of Gliricidia sepium to seawater-induced salt stress. Agriculturists 2019, 17, 66–75.
  12. Braga, Í.O.; Carvalho da Silva, T.L.; Belo Silva, V.N.; Rodrigues Neto, J.C.; Ribeiro, J.A.A.; Abdelnur, P.V.; de Sousa, C.A.F.; Souza, M.T., Jr. Deep Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis to Further Characterize the Adaptation Response of Gliricidia sepium (Walp.) to Very High Salinity Stress. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 869105.
  13. Elevitch, C.R.; Francis, J.K. Gliricidia sepium (Gliricidia), ver. 2.1. In Species Profile for Pacific Island Agroforestry; Elevitch, C.R., Ed.; Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR): Holualoa, HI, USA, 2006; Available online: https://www.traditionaltree.org (accessed on 28 February 2023).
  14. Keerthanan, S.; Rajapaksha, S.M.; Trakal, L.; Vithanage, M. Caffeine removal by Gliricidia sepium biochar: Influence of pyrolysis temperature and physicochemical properties. Environ. Res. 2020, 189, 109865.
  15. Jayakumar, M.; Emana, A.N.; Subbaiya, R.; Ponraj, M.; Kumar, K.K.A.; Muthusamy, G.; Kim, W.; Karmegam, N. Detoxification of coir pith through refined vermicomposting engaging Eudrilus eugeniae. Chemosphere 2022, 291, 132675.
  16. Nyirenda, H. Achieving sustainable agricultural production under farmer conditions in maize-Gliricidia intercropping in Salima District, central Malawi. Heliyon 2019, 5, e02632.
  17. Makumba, W.; Janssen, B.; Oenema, O.; Akinnifesi, F.K.; Mweta, D.; Kwesiga, F. The long-term effects of a Gliricidia–maize intercropping system in Southern Malawi, on Gliricidia and maize yields, and soil properties. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2006, 116, 85–92.
  18. Coulibaly, J.Y.; Chiputwa, B.; Nakelse, T.; Kundhlande, G. Adoption of agroforestry and the impact on household food security among farmers in Malawi. Agric. Syst. 2017, 155, 52–69.
  19. Coe, R.; Njoloma, J.; Sinclair, F. Loading the Dice in Favour of the Farmer: Reducing the Risk of Adopting Agronomic Innovations. Exp. Agric. 2016, 55, 67–83.
  20. De Moura-Silva, A.G.; das Chagas Ferreira Aguiar, A.; de Moura, E.G.; Jorge, N. Influence of soil cover and N and K fertilization on the quality of biofortified QPM in the humid tropics. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2016, 96, 3807–3812.
  21. Oliveira, V.R.D.; Silva, P.S.L.; Paiva, H.N.D.; Antonio, R.P. Crescimento De Leguminosas Arbóreas E Rendimento Do Milho Em Sistemas Agroflorestais. Rev. Árvore 2016, 40, 679–688.
  22. Feitosa, A.L.P.M.; Siqueira, G.M.; Moura, E.G.; Silva, A.J.C.; Aguiar, A.C.F. Effect of different soil fertilization regimes on soil chemical properties and maize grains yield in humid tropic. Res. Soc. Dev. 2022, 11, e4511527635.
  23. Moura, E.G.; Sousa, R.M.; Campos, L.S.; Cardoso-Silva, A.J.; Mooney, S.J.; Aguiar, A.C.F. Could more efficient utilization of ecosystem services improve soil quality indicators to allow sustainable intensification of Amazonian family farming? Ecol. Indic. 2021, 127, 107723.
  24. Awopegba, M.; Oladele, S.; Awodun, M. Effect of mulch types on nutrient composition, maize (Zea mays L.) yield and soil properties of a tropical Alfisol in Southwestern Nigeria. Eurasian J. Soil Sci. 2017, 6, 121–133.
  25. Bah, A.R.; Rahman, Z.A. Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) green manures as a potential source of N for maize production in the tropics. Sci. World J. 2001, 1, 90–95.
  26. Bandara, T.; Herath, I.; Kumarathilaka, P.; Hseu, Z.-Y.; Ok, Y.S.; Vithanage, M. Efficacy of woody biomass and biochar for alleviating heavy metal bioavailability in serpentine soil. Environ. Geochem. Health 2016, 39, 391–401.
  27. Mngomba, S.A.; Akinnifesi, F.K.; Kerr, A.; Salipira, K.; Muchugi, A. Growth and yield responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to inorganic and organic fertilizers in southern Malawi. Agrofor. Syst. 2016, 91, 249–258.
  28. Bai, S.H.; Gallart, M.; Singh, K.; Hannet, G.; Komolong, B.; Yinil, D.; Field, D.J.; Muqaddas, B.; Wallace, H.M. Leaf litter species affects the decomposition rate and nutrient release in a cocoa plantation. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2022, 324, 107705.
  29. Tesfai, M.; Emmanuel, A.O.; Njoloma, J.B.; Nagothu, U.S.; Ngumayo, J. Agroecological farming approaches that enhance resilience and mitigation to climate change in vulnerable farming systems. In Climate Neutral and Resilient Farming Systems; Routledge: London, UK, 2022; pp. 147–168.
  30. Araújo, B.B., Jr.; Silva, P.S.L.; Oliveira, O.F.; Espinola Sobrinho, J. Weed control in maize crop with Gliricidia intercropping. Planta Daninha 2012, 30, 767–774.
  31. Silva, P.S.L.; Silva, E.M.; Silva, P.I.B.; Fernandes, J.P.P.; Chicas, L.S. Intercropping Corn with a Combination of Tree Species to Control Weeds. Planta Daninha 2015, 33, 717–726.
  32. Tavella, L.B.; Silva, P.S.L.; Monteiro, A.L.; Oliveira, V.R.; Siqueira, P.L.O.F. Weed Control in Maize with Gliricidia Intercropping. Planta Daninha 2015, 33, 249–258.
  33. Sileshi, G.W.; Debusho, L.K.; Akinnifesi, F.K. Can Integration of Legume Trees Increase Yield Stability in Rainfed Maize Cropping Systems in Southern Africa? Agron. J. 2012, 104, 1392–1398.
  34. Primo, D.C.; Menezes, R.S.C.; Oliveira, F.F.D.; Dubeux Júnior, J.C.B.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B. Timing and placement of cattle manure and Gliricidia affects cotton and sunflower nutrient accumulation and biomass productivity. An. Acad. Bras. Ciências 2018, 90, 415–424.
  35. Méndez-Bautista, J.; Fernández-Luqueño, F.; López-Valdez, F.; Mendoza-Cristino, R.; Montes-Molina, J.A.; Gutierrez-Miceli, F.A.; Dendooven, L. Effect of pest controlling neem and mata-raton leaf extracts on greenhouse gas emissions from urea-amended soil cultivated with beans: A greenhouse experiment. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408, 4961–4968.
  36. Montes-Molina, J.A.; Luna-Guido, M.L.; Espinoza-Paz, N.; Govaerts, B.; Gutierrez-Miceli, F.A.; Dendooven, L. Are extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (L.)) and Gliricidia sepium (Jacquin) an alternative to control pests on maize (Zea mays L.)? Crop Prot. 2008, 27, 763–774.
  37. Montes-Molina, J.A.; Nuricumbo-Zarate, I.H.; Hernández-Díaz, J.; Gutiérrez-Miceli, F.A.; Dendooven, L.; Ruíz-Valdiviezo, V.M. Characteristics of tomato plants treated with leaf extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (L.)) and mata-raton (Gliricidia sepium (Jacquin)): A greenhouse experiment. J. Environ. Biol. 2014, 35, 935–942.
  38. Utomo, B.; Prawoto, A.A.; Bonnet, S.; Bangviwat, A.; Gheewala, S.H. Environmental performance of cocoa production from monoculture and agroforestry systems in Indonesia. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 134, 583–591.
  39. Abou Rajab, Y.; Leuschner, C.; Barus, H.; Tjoa, A.; Hertel, D. Cacao Cultivation under Diverse Shade Tree Cover Allows High Carbon Storage and Sequestration without Yield Losses. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0149949.
  40. Bai, S.H.; Trueman, S.J.; Nevenimo, T.; Hannet, G.; Randall, B.; Wallace, H.M. The effects of tree spacing regime and tree species composition on mineral nutrient composition of cocoa beans and canarium nuts in 8-year-old cocoa plantations. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 22021–22029.
  41. Carvalho, D.F.; Gomes, D.P.; Oliveira, N.D.H.; Guerra, J.G.M.; Rouws, J.R.C.; Oliveira, F.L. Carrot yield and water-use efficiency under different mulching, organic fertilization and irrigation levels. Rev. Bras. Eng. Agrícola E Ambient. 2018, 22, 445–450.
  42. Ilangamudali, I.M.P.S.; Senarathne, S.H.S.; Egodawatta, W.C.P. Evaluation of Coconut Based Gliricidia sepium Agroforestry Systems to Improve the Soil Properties of Intermediate and Dry Zone Coconut Growing Areas. Int. J. Res. Agric. Sci. 2014, 1, 34–42.
  43. Kumara, R.P.D.N.; De Silva, C.S. The Efficacy of Different Mulching Materials in Influencing Growth, Yield, Soil and Quality Parameters of Ginger Cultivated in Low Country Intermediate Zone (IL1) of Sri Lanka. OUSL J. 2019, 14, 7–29.
  44. Yadav, J.; Gabhane, V.V.; Shelke, A.; Rathod, A.; Satpute, U.; Chandel, A. Effect of potash management through Gliricidia green leaf manuring on soil fertility and yield of soybean in Vertisols. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2020, 9, 1033–1037.
  45. Okon, I.E.; Solomon, M.G.; Osonubi, O. The Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculation and Mulch of Contrasting Chemical Composition on the Yield of Cassava under Humid Tropical Conditions. Sci. World J. 2010, 10, 505–511.
  46. Antunes, L.F.d.S.; Vaz, A.F.d.S.; Martelleto, L.A.P.; Leal, M.A.d.A.; Alves, R.d.S.; Ferreira, T.d.S.; Rumjanek, N.G.; Correia, M.E.F.; Rosa, R.C.C.; Guerra, J.G.M. Sustainable organic substrate production using millicompost in combination with different plant residues for the cultivation of Passiflora edulis seedlings. Environ. Technol. Innov. 2022, 28, 102612.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Forestry
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Emmanuel Oladeji Alamu
,
Michael Adesokan
,
Segun Fawole
,
Busie Maziya-Dixon
,
Tesfai Mehreteab
,
David Chikoye
View Times: 1.9K
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 26 Apr 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback