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Topic Review
Synanthropic Flies
The significance of non-blood feeding cyclorrhaphan flies with some synanthropic, dipteran families (i.e., Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Muscidae) in transmitting pathogens to humans and their food sources needs a lot of focused research. People often overlook the small things in life. However, they can have a major impact on things that they have contacted. Synanthropic flies have been ignored in most epidemiological studies and models. An attempt has been made in this research to convince you that synanthropic flies can play and do play a major role in transmitting numerous pathogens to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. The majority of zoonoses have been reported to take place between wildlife and various synanthropic flies. Prior to the origin of humans, insects evolved around 400 million years ago. They certainly had contact with the feces and mouth secretions of other animals. What took place people may never know but for certain, these flies were involved in the uptake and transmission of the numerous pathogens they acquired with their meal.
  • 971
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Insect Lectin-Mediated Immune Responses
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that recognize and selectively bind to specific sugar structures. Interaction of lectin with sugars on cell surface can activate multiple cellular responses, including the immune response. Many insect lectins have been identified or predicted but without in-depth analysis.
  • 893
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Honey Bee Colony Losses
Various factors have been considered to be contributing to honey bee losses, and recent investigations have established some of the most important ones, in particular, pests and diseases, bee management, including bee keeping practices and breeding, the change in climatic conditions, agricultural practices, and the use of pesticides. The global picture highlights the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor as a major factor in colony loss. Last but not least, microsporidian parasites, mainly Nosema ceranae, also contribute to the problem. Thus, it is obvious that there are many factors affecting honey bee colony losses globally. Increased monitoring and scientific research should throw new light on the factors involved in recent honey bee colony losses.
  • 856
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Forest Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Diversity in Nepal
Seventy ant species from thirty-six genera and six subfamilies were recorded from eastern, central, and western regions of Nepal using vegetation beating, sweeping, and hand collection methods. The research also discovered five genera and nine species new for the country, as well as eight tramp species, four of which are major ecological, agricultural, and/or household pests. Ant diversity was found to decrease with increasing elevation. The assessment of ant diversity using multiple sampling methods that cover all seasons and forest types may be useful in obtaining complete ant diversity data. Early intervention through sustainable forest management initiatives would aid in preventing invasive ant incursions in the forests of Nepal.
  • 839
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Post-Harvest Insect Management Practices in Ethiopia
Ethiopian subsistence farmers traditionally store their grain harvests, leaving them open to storage pests and fungi that can cause contamination of major staple crops. Applying the most effective strategy requires a precise understanding of the insect species, infestation rates, storage losses, and storage conditions in the various types of farmers’ grain stores.
  • 827
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Adaptive Immune-Response to Tick-Borne Hemoparasites
Interactions between tick-borne pathogenic hemoparasites and different host effector mechanisms of T- and/or B cell-mediated adaptive immunity, involved in the late and long-lasting protective immune response. 
  • 825
  • 02 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Bagworms in Indonesian Plantation Forests
Bagworms are polyphagous, with many hosts; for example, the defoliator P. plagiophleps was found feeding on 22 plant families, in annual crops and perennial trees. Bagworm infestations occur not only in plantation forests but also in natural forests. In many cases, the dynamics of a pest infestation are not well understood. For example, in India, P. plagiophleps, previously known as an insignificant pest of Tamarindus indica L., was involved in outbreaks in 1977 in F. moluccana, followed by Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. and Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile. Understanding the diversity of bagworms and the factors that influence their development are important for sustainable plantation forest management.
  • 818
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
White Mango Scale
The white mango scale (WMS) insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a polyphagous, multivoltine pest which is a serious threat to qualitative mango production and export. The WMS insect sucks sap from leaves, branches and fruits. The heavy infestation of this pest may cause the falling of young leaves, drying up of twigs, poor flowering, and, finally, reduce the quality of fruits by producing pink spots on fruits’ surface.
  • 811
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Integrated Insect Pest Management for Rice
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a promising technology for the environment. Insect pests and weeds have long posed a danger to rice production systems, resulting in severe output losses. Although insect, pest, and weed control has remained the most efficient plant protection tool, environmental risks have prompted scientists to propose alternate pest management options. The understanding of sustainable conventional agriculture prompted the broad deployment of IPM.
  • 786
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
CAL Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Management
The Central American locust (CAL), Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons (Walker, 1870), is a transboundary pest that is distributed from Mexico to Panama. It is a true locust species characterized by density-dependent phase polyphenism. The ancient record of the CAL is found in the Popol Vuh, the Mayan sacred book, demonstrating how it has affected humans for millennia. In Mexico, the CAL has been declared a national threat to agriculture since 1824. Serious locust plagues occurred in 1882–1883 when swarms of 20 km2 in size invaded the Yucatán Peninsula and neighboring states in southern Mexico and, since then, management actions to suppress populations and economic damage have been implemented. A better understanding of the biology, ecology, and behavior of the CAL replaced a manual and mechanical collection of locust swarms, hopper bands, and egg pods with modern techniques such as the use of safer chemical products and environmentally friendly bioinsecticides. Presently, biomodels and GIS support the monitoring and forecasting of outbreaks.
  • 778
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Silkworm Bombyx mori
Among insects, the silkworm Bombyx mori occupies a special position, being an excellent lepidopteran species representative of numerous scientific investigations. B. mori was domesticated and developed by human-driven selection from a wild origin since ancient times. Many years ago, silkworm genetic stocks were conserved in research facilitie. The silkworm can be considered from the economic point of view to be one of the most significant insects. It has been providing important benefits to humans, and it has continued developing thanks to its many practical applications, including using it as a model organism for medical purposes.
  • 763
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Climatic Consequences on Bactrocera oleae
Worldwide, the exclusive key insect pest of the olive tree is the tephritid fly Bactrocera oleae. Bactrocera oleae is a monophagous pest on the genus Olea that causes direct damage to olive yield since its larval stages feed on drupe pulp. It causes serious economic losses that have been estimated at more than USD 1 billion per year in the Mediterranean alone. In this area, B. oleae can complete several generations that vary from one to four depending on temperature and area characteristics (e.g., elevation, distance to sea). Among the environmental factors, temperature is the key parameter influencing B. oleae phenology and the relation with O. europaea. High temperatures in summer induce B. oleae mortality and slowdown on pest activity, since adult physiological processes cease at 35 °C. However, other patterns such as weather conditions, season extension and crop–pest synchrony impact temporal changes in pest abundance. The tight relation that links B. oleae to Olea species makes this system a proper scenario for studying the climatic change in the Mediterranean Basin. 
  • 755
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Beauveria bassiana Secondary Metabolite Gene Expression in Insects
Entomopathogenic fungi are extensively used for the control of insect pests worldwide. Among them, Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) produce a plethora of toxic secondary metabolites that either facilitate fungal invasion or act as immunosuppressive compounds.
  • 736
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Forensic Entomology and Space
The dynamics of forensic insects can operate at many spatial scales, manifest in different spatial patterns, and be attributed to multiple different causes. This highlights the importance for forensic entomology to consider spatial effects despite its neglect to date. Forensic entomology has much to benefit from the use of spatial statistics because many important questions, both at the fundamental and practical levels, require a spatial solution.
  • 722
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Beavers, Bugs and Chemistry
The North American beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) and cottonwoods (Populus spp.) are foundation species, the interactions of which define a much larger community and affect a threatened riparian habitat type.
  • 720
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Deforestation, Urbanization, and Mosquito and Tick-Borne Diseases
Central America is a unique geographical region that connects North and South America, enclosed by the Caribbean Sea to the East, and the Pacific Ocean to the West. This region, encompassing Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, and Nicaragua, is highly vulnerable to the emergence or resurgence of mosquito-borne and tick-borne diseases due to a combination of key ecological and socioeconomic determinants acting together, often in a synergistic fashion. Of particular interest are the effects of land use changes, such as deforestation-driven urbanization and forest degradation, on the incidence and prevalence of these diseases, which are not well understood. In recent years, parts of Central America have experienced social and economic improvements; however, the region still faces major challenges in developing effective strategies and significant investments in public health infrastructure to prevent and control these diseases.
  • 716
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Mosquito Oviposition Sites
A summary of repellent/deterrent microorganisms involved in mosquito oviposition site selection is detailed in.
  • 710
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Understanding Invasion, Ecological Adaptations, Management of Bactrocera dorsalis
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae), commonly known as the oriental fruit fly, is a highly destructive pest that globally infests fruits and vegetables, resulting in significant annual economic losses. Initially detected in Taiwan Island, it has rapidly expanded its distribution range to various regions in mainland China since the 1980s, with a continuous northward spread. To mitigate the damage caused by this pest, extensive efforts have been undertaken to comprehend its ecological and physiological adaptations and develop management strategies.
  • 701
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Organic Insect Pest Management
The Federal National Organic Program (NOP) guidelines for insect pest management can be viewed as constraining to certified organic growers due to the disallowance of certain tactics such as synthetic insecticides and transgenically derived pest resistant crops. The types of insect pest management tactics that are promoted by the NOP require in-depth entomological knowledge for successful management such as pheromone disruption, augmentation and conservation biological control. There are significant gaps in the Federal NOP guideline recommendations, such as insect identification and population monitoring, that if included could aid in grower adoption of practices that inform better decision making and efficacy. This review promotes the idea that these issues can be overcome by utilizing experiential learning programs to educate growers and paid professionals like those who are a part of the California system of state licensed Pest Control Advisors (PCA) and having those paid advisors provide much needed individualized, hands-on grower guidance. If the PCA or paid professional is regarded as a valued partner in the educational and extension process of addressing pest management issues, they can be an effective advocate, educator, mentor and assessor for the growers; ultimately reaching more growers to ensure effective adoption and use of a variety of management tactics. This model has the capacity to achieve the NOP's philosophical goal of a production system managed to respond to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological and mechanical practices for effective pest management.
  • 674
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Rusty Grain Beetle
Cryptolestes ferrugineus, the rusty grain beetle, is a cosmopolitan pest that has adapted to cool and warm climates due to its unique biology, ecology, and behavior. The rusty grain beetle is a pest of high economic importance; hence, understanding their biology, ecology, and behavior could be useful in designing effective management strategies.
  • 657
  • 23 Aug 2023
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