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Topic Review
Post-Harvest Operations to Generate High-Quality Medicinal Cannabis Products
Cannabis has been a traditional medicinal herb in central Asia, with reports of such usage back to 4700 B.P. in China, India, Persia, Egypt, Greece and Rome. It is now also cultivated and used as a drug crop in at least 172 countries and territories worldwide. It is classified as Cannabis Sativa, C. Indica and C. Ruderalis based on genetics, phenotypic properties and chemical structure. The Cannabis industry is rapidly growing; therefore, there is no medicinal cannabis that can be produced without optimising drying methods. Producing high-quality medical products have been a hot topic in recent years.
  • 713
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR-Powered Microfluidics Applications
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology is a simple yet powerful tool for highly specific and rapid modification of DNA in a genome, which is the complete set of genetic instructions in an organism. One of the requirements for successful modification of the eukaryotic genome using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is the presence of the guide RNA (sgRNA or crRNA/duplex crRNA/tracrRNA) Cas9 protein complex and the introduction of mRNA or DNA. In therapeutic approaches, the genome of specific cells can be re-transplanted into the patient in vitro and then the host genome modified to treat any possible deficiency in genes. Nowadays, the use of microfluidic channels and chips is one of the best approaches to deliver materials and cells as it prevents many problems by accurately editing the cell and creating an opportunity for successful editing and screening of their genome. Such chips provide a suitable substrate for cell manipulation, drug screening, and exosome characterization. Furthermore, they are useful for pathogen and cancer detection because of their high throughput, low cost, flexibility, and controlled fluid or gas flow.
  • 709
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Uric Acid Electroanalysis
Uric acid is a metabolic product that results from degradation of purines in the liver. Usually, uric acid is identified from biological fluids, human serum and urine through conventional methods, such as spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry, membrane capillary electrophoresis and spectrophotometric methods, including uricase enzymatic reactions. Importantly, uric acid determination opens the possibility of early intervention in cases of hyperuricemia and preventing the degradation of renal function.
  • 706
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide Thin Films with Drug Delivery Function
Graphene oxide has been used in different fields of nanomedicine as a manager of drug delivery due to its inherent physical and chemical properties that allow its use in thin films with biomedical applications. Several studies demonstrated its efficacy in the control of the amount and the timely delivery of drugs when it is incorporated in multilayer films. It has been demonstrated that graphene oxide layers incorporated in drug delivery systems are able to work either as a nanocarrier, transporting the drugs to their targets or as a barrier delaying the release of drugs to accommodate the treatment schedules. This allows for the development of structured ,sophisticated and time-controlled systems.
  • 705
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Adult Abdominal Tuberculosis Diagnosis
Tuberculosis is a common systemic infection with the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is primarily found in the lungs and causes caseous inflammation in lung tissue and other organs. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that spreads via the air. Tuberculosis is an endemic disease in developing countries, due to the wide spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), it might represent a problem in developed countries, as well. Only around one-fifth of patients diagnosed with abdominal TB have pulmonary disease. 
  • 702
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Laboratory Demand Management Strategies
Inappropriate laboratory test selection in the form of overutilization as well as underutilization frequently occurs despite available guidelines. There is broad approval among laboratory specialists as well as clinicians that demand management strategies are useful tools to avoid this issue. Most of these tools, which may be adopted to local settings, are based on automated algorithms or other types of machine learning. We believe that artificial intelligence may help to further improve these available tools.
  • 665
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Strength and Weakness of NIBS-RAR Coupled Intervention
Robot-aided rehabilitation (RAR) and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) are the two main interventions for post-stroke rehabilitation. The importance of coupling these interventions, which both enhance brain plasticity to promote recovery, lies in augmenting the rehabilitation potential to constrain the limitation in daily living activities and the quality of life following stroke.
  • 651
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nerve Stimulation
Nerve stimulation is an effective method to alleviate the negative impacts of neurodegeneration. According to nerve categories, nerve stimulation can be divided into three types—brain stimulation, spinal spur, and peripheral stimulation. All three therapies take similar physical principles to achieve stimulus, while WPT and wireless telecommunication are adopted to maintain a relatively long duration and precise control. 
  • 640
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Genotoxic Effects of Lead
Lead (Pb) is one of the most widely used heavy metals in several industries for the manufacturing process of Pb-based products due to its physical and chemical properties, such as high density, softness, malleability, and poor conductibility. Thus, Pb can be found in workplaces and other contaminated environments. Pb toxicity can occur via both nonoccupational and occupational exposure through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption.
  • 614
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Technique
The course of periodontal disease is affected by many factors; however, the most significant are the dysbiotic microflora, showing different pathogenicity levels. Rapid colonization in the subgingival environment can radically change the clinical state of the periodontium. This study aims to present an innovative technique of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid panel identification of bacteria in periodontal diseases. The decisive advantage of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique in relation to molecular methods based on the identification of nucleic acids (such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR or qPCR) is the ability to determine more pathogens simultaneously, as well as with higher sensitivity. In comparison with classical microbiological seeding techniques, the use of the LAMP method shortens a few days waiting time to a few minutes, reducing the time necessary to identify the species and determine the number of microorganisms. The LAMP technology requires only a small hardware base; hence it is possible to use it in outpatient settings. The developed technique provides the possibility of almost immediate assessment of periodontal status and, above all, risk assessment of complications during the treatment (uncontrolled spread of inflammation), which can certainly be of key importance in clinical work.
  • 611
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Molybdenum Disulfide Biosensor for Cancer Biomarker Detection
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a promising two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, whose unique adjustable bandgap shows excellent electronic and optical properties in the construction of biosensor interfaces. It not only has the advantages of a high catalytic activity and low manufacturing costs, but it can also further expand the application of hybrid structures through different functionalization, and it is widely used in various biosensors fields. 
  • 595
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Novel Characterization in Radiopharmaceutical Preclinical Design
In this entry, the potential of a digital autoradiography system equipped with a super resolution screen has been evaluated to investigate the biodistribution of a 18F-PSMA inhibitor in a prostate cancer mouse model. Twelve double xenograft NOD/SCID mice (LNCAP and PC3 tumours) were divided into three groups according to post-injection time points of an 18F-PSMA inhibitor. Groups of 4 mice were used to evaluate the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical after 30-, 60- and 120-min post-injection. Data here reported demonstrated that the digital autoradiography system is suitable to analyse the biodistribution of an 18F-PSMA inhibitor in both whole small-animal bodies and in single organs. The exposure of both whole mouse bodies and organs on the super resolution screen surface allowed the radioactivity of the PSMA inhibitor distributed in the tissues to be detected and quantified. Data obtained by using a digital autoradiography system were in line with the values detected by the activity calibrator. In addition, the image obtained from the super resolution screen allowed a perfect overlap with the tumour images achieved under the optical microscope. In conclusion, biodistribution studies performed by the autoradiography system allow the microscopical modifications induced by therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals to be studied by comparing the molecular imaging and histopathological data at the sub-cellular level. 
  • 591
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Role microRNA in Prostate and Breast Cancer
Micro ribonucleic acids (microRNAs or miRNAs) form a distinct subtype of non-coding RNA and are widely recognized as one of the most significant gene expression regulators in mammalian cells. Mechanistically, the regulation occurs through microRNA binding with its response elements in the 3’-untranslated region of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), resulting in the post-transcriptional silencing of genes, expressing target mRNAs. Compared to small interfering RNAs, microRNAs have more complex regulatory patterns, making them suitable for fine-tuning gene expressions in different tissues. Dysregulation of microRNAs is well known as one of the causative factors in malignant cell growth. Breast cancer (BCa) is the most common cancer in women worldwide and seriously impairs patients’ physical health. Its incidence has been predicted to rise further. Mounting evidence indicates that microRNAs play key roles in tumorigenesis and development. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men. Different microRNAs play an important role in PCa. Early diagnosis of BCa and PCa using microRNAs is very useful for improving individual outcomes in the framework of predictive, preventive, and personalized (3P) medicine, thereby reducing the economic burden.
  • 563
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Haemolysis
Haemolysis of serum samples is the leading cause of preanalytical errors in clinical laboratories.
  • 531
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenols in Modulating Mitochondrial Bioenergetics
Polyphenols are naturally derived compounds that are increasingly being explored for their various health benefits. In fact, foods that are rich in polyphenols have become an attractive source of nutrition and a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate the untoward effects of metabolic disorders. The last decade has seen a rapid increase in studies reporting on the bioactive properties of polyphenols against metabolic complications, especially in preclinical models.
  • 519
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Analytical Methodologies for Determination of Vancomycin
Vancomycin is regarded as the last resort of defense for a wide range of infections due to drug resistance and toxicity. The detection of vancomycin in plasma has always aroused particular concern because the performance of the assay affects the clinical treatment outcome. With the update of technology, bioassay, immunoassay, LC appreared in sequence with respective characteristic. 
  • 517
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Role of Metabolomics in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Diagnosis
A wide range of histological as well as clinical properties are exhibited by B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. These properties could make the diagnostics process complicated. The diagnosis of lymphomas at an initial stage is essential because early remedial actions taken against destructive subtypes are commonly deliberated as successful and restorative. New possibilities are now open for diagnosing cancer with the help of metabolomics. The study of all the metabolites synthesised in the human body is called “metabolomics.” A patient’s phenotype is directly linked with metabolomics, which can help in providing some clinically beneficial biomarkers and is applied in the diagnostics of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In cancer research, it can analyse the cancerous metabolome to identify the metabolic biomarkers. 
  • 513
  • 03 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism of Cancer Cachexia
Cancer cachexia is a condition marked by functional, metabolic, and immunological dysfunctions associated with skeletal muscle (SM) atrophy, adipose tissue loss, fat reduction, systemic inflammation, and anorexia. Generally, the condition is caused by a variety of mediators produced by cancer cells and cells in tumor microenvironments. Myostatin and activin signaling, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling, and JAK-STAT signaling are known to play roles in cachexia, and thus, these pathways are considered potential therapeutic targets.
  • 504
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
3D Printing in Complex Medical Procedures
Medicine is a rapidly-evolving discipline, with progress picking up pace with each passing decade. This constant evolution results in the introduction of new tools and methods, which in turn occasionally leads to paradigm shifts across the affected medical fields. The following review attempts to showcase how 3D printing has begun to reshape and improve processes across various medical specialties and where it has the potential to make a significant impact. 
  • 488
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Hypermagnesemia is a relatively uncommon but potentially life-threatening electrolyte disturbance characterized by elevated magnesium concentrations in the blood. Magnesium is a crucial mineral involved in various physiological functions, such as neuromuscular conduction, cardiac excitability, vasomotor tone, insulin metabolism, and muscular contraction. Prompt identification and management of hypermagnesemia are crucial to prevent complications, such as respiratory and cardiovascular negative outcomes, neuromuscular dysfunction, and coma. Preventing hypermagnesemia is crucial, particularly in high-risk populations, such as patients with impaired renal function or those receiving magnesium-containing medications or supplements. 
  • 461
  • 29 Jun 2023
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