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Topic Review
Aerogel
Aerogels are one of the most interesting materials of the 21st century owing to their high porosity, low density, and large available surface area. Historically, aerogels have been used for highly efficient insulation and niche applications, such as interstellar particle capture. Recently, aerogels have made their way into the composite universe.
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Laser-Induced Graphene Technology
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology has received a large amount of attention from scholars and has a wide range of applications in supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, air filters, water treatment and so on. A variety of preparation methods for graphene was summarized . The effects of laser processing parameters, laser type, precursor materials, and process atmosphere on the properties of the prepared LIG were focused. Two strategies for large-scale production of LIG were briefly described. The wide applications of LIG in the fields of signal sensing, environmental protection, and energy storage were discussed.
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
All-Cellulose Composites
Wood- or plant-based cellulose fibres have shown their potential as a reinforcement in composites for a relatively long time alongside the commonly used glass-fibre and carbon-fibre reinforcements. Whereas regular biocomposites suffer from fibre-matrix adhesion-related challenges, all-cellulose composites (ACCs) can overcome this problem by both matrix and reinforcement having the same or a similar chemical structure, which results in good interfacial compatibility. ACCs can provide an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional petrochemical-based materials since they are a type of single-polymer composites (SPCs) from biomass-derived cellulose, and as such, they are easily recyclable, and they originate from renewable sources.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Flexible sensors, fabrication and materials
The use of flexible sensors has tripled over the last decade due to the increased demand in various fields including health monitoring, food packaging, electronic skins and soft robotics. Flexible sensors have the ability to be bent and stretched during use and can still maintain their electrical and mechanical properties. Additionally, flexible sensors can be packaged conformally with the device in order to enable the miniaturization of products. These advantages promote the used of flexible sensors over rigid sensors, the latter which can also often lose their sensitivity when subject to bending.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Silanes
Silanes, as organic-inorganic hybrid modifiers of hyperbranched polymer (HBP), are of great interest as they resulted in a tremendous improvement in HBP properties like increasing thermal, mechanical and electrical properties compared to that of organic-only moieties. The basic components of silanes are monomeric silicon (Si) compounds with four substituent groups attached to the Si atom, which can be of any combination of reactive or non-reactive inorganic or organic groups, which are the fundamental building blocks of silanes.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Photocathode Materials
Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising approach to sustainable hydrogen production with no carbon emissions. Hydrogen being a future fuel to coming human generations is of utmost importance. The photocathodes in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting cell are essential for the direct evolution of hydrogen. Among the known photocathodes, Cu-based p-type semiconducting materials are the most promising photo-absorber materials owing to their low-cost, low toxicity, natural abundance, suitable band-gaps, and favorable band edges for reduction. 
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mechanical Properties of Sugarcane-Bagasse-Ash-Integrated Concretes
Leading sugar-producing nations have been generating high volumes of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a by-product. SCBA has the potential to be used as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete, from thereby, mitigating several adverse environmental effects of cement while keeping the cost of concrete low. The majority of the microstructure of SCBA is composed of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 compounds, which can provide pozzolanic properties to SCBA.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
PEDOT:PSS Layer and Perovskite Solar Cells
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is the most successful conducting polymer, which has been widely used in displays, transistors, various sensors and photovoltaics (PVs). It has high optical  transparency in the visible light range and low-temperature processing condition, making it one of the most widely used polymer hole transport materials inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), because of its high optical transparency in the visible light range and low-temperature processing condition. However, the stability of PSCs based on pristine PEDOT:PSS is far from satisfactory, which is ascribed to the acidic and hygroscopic nature of PEDOT:PSS, and property differences between PEDOT:PSS and perovskite materials, such as conductivity, work function and surface morphology. 
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
TiO2: Next Generation Photocatalysts
TiO2 is the most widely used photocatalyst in many energy and environmental applications. This entry describes the basic structure and properties of TiO2 as a nanomaterials. It also enlists the special properties of TiO2 which make it a best candidate for photocatalysis reaction. It also explains the drawbacks of TiO2 nanomaterials along with the strategies to overcome those. 
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Catalytic Mechanism of Photocatalysts Based on GCN Heterogeneous
In the current world situation, population and industrial growth have become major problems for energy and environmental concerns. Extremely noxious pollutants such as heavy metal ions, dyes, antibiotics, phenols, and pesticides in water are the main causes behind deprived water quality leading to inadequate access to clean water. In this connection, graphite carbon nitride (GCN or g-C3N4) a nonmetallic polymeric material has been utilized extensively as a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst for a variety of environmental applications.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Alloying Elements and Mechanical Characteristics of Mg-Based Materials
Magnesium alloys are widely employed in various applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and superior mechanical properties as compared to unalloyed Magnesium. Alloying is considered an important way to enhance the strength of the metal matrix composite but it significantly influences the damping property of pure magnesium, while controlling the rate of corrosion for Mg-based material remains critical in the biological environment. Therefore, it is essential to reinforce the magnesium alloy with a suitable alloying element that improves the mechanical characteristics and resistance to corrosion of Mg-based material. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, lower stress shielding effect, bio-activeness, and non-toxicity are the important parameters for biomedical applications other than mechanical and corrosion properties. The development of various surface modifications is also considered a suitable approach to control the degradation rate of Mg-based materials, making lightweight Mg-based materials highly suitable for biomedical implants. 
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
MOFs for Mercury Detection
The advantages of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are: existence of porosity to adsorb specific analyte, improved aqueous solubility, exceptional photophysical and chemical properties. MOFs are noted as exceptional candidates towards the detection and removal of specific analytes, particular for the detection/removal of environmental contaminants, such as heavy metal ions, toxic anions, hazardous gases, explosives, etc. Among heavy metal ions, mercury has been noted as a global hazard because of its high toxicity in the elemental (Hg0), divalent cationic (Hg2+), and methyl mercury (CH3Hg+) forms. To secure the environment and living organisms, many countries have imposed stringent regulations to monitor mercury at all costs. Regarding the detection/removal requirements of mercury, researchers have proposed and reported all kinds of MOFs-based luminescent/non-luminescent probes towards mercury.This review provides valuable information about the MOFs which have been engaged in detection and removal of elemental mercury and Hg2+ ions. Moreover, the involved mechanisms or adsorption isotherms related to sensors or removal studies are clarified for the readers. Finally, advantages and limitations of MOFs in mercury detection/removal are described together with future scopes.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Carbon-Based Composites
Carbon-based composites are materials in which a primary component in the form of a carbon structure or structures (graphene, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbon, etc.) and usually an inorganic phase or phases are combined into one system. Such a material is expected to exhibit additive or synergetic interfacial effects resulting in enhanced properties, such as reactivity in catalytic or electrocatalytic reactions.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in Circular Economy
Thermosetting Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) are engineered composites made out of carbon fibers (CFs) as the reinforcement and epoxy resin as the polymer matrix, which acts as load transfer elements across fibers.Thermosets are commonly charachterized by their high performance and flexibility according to different combination of polymeric-based materials (e.g. epoxies, polyurethane, rubber) and carbon fibers type. CFRPs owns durable and heat-resistant features that make proper them for cars or electrical appliances. CFRPs cannot be easily recycled or broken down after use, because the chemical bonds holding them cannot be changed or reversed as for thermoplastic material. New technological solutions are emerging with specific focus on the circular economy context.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
3D-Printed Satellite Brackets
Brackets are the load-bearing components in a satellite. The current age of satellites comprises specific brackets that set out as a link between the bodies of the satellite, reflector parts, and feeder facilities mounted at its upper end. Brackets are used to carry loads of the satellite body frame, supporting elements, batteries, and electronic goods. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a process in which a 3D solid object is built by adding the material layer-over-layer. The success of making the product using AM technology requires greater experience in Design for Additive Manufacturing (DFAM) which makes use of the design of freedom of AM. Owing to the various advantages of AM and DFAM, it is easy to create high strength-to-weight ratio products. This is an important contribution to aerospace industries in meeting the unabated demand for lightweight and strong structural applications.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
CeO2-based transition metal catalysts
The rational design and fabrication of highly-active and cost-efficient catalytic materials constitutes the main research pillar in catalysis field. In this context, the fine-tuning of size and shape at nanometer scale can exert an intense impact not only on the inherent reactivity of catalyst’s counterparts but also on their interfacial interactions, opening up new horizons for the development of highly active and robust materials. The main implications of ceria nanoparticles’ shape engineering (rods, cubes, polyhedra) in catalysis are revealed, on the ground of some of the most pertinent heterogeneous reactions, such as CO2 hydrogenation, CO oxidation, and N2O decomposition. It is clearly revealed that shape functionalization can remarkably affect the intrinsic features and in turn the reactivity of ceria nanoparticles. More importantly, by combining ceria nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) of specific architecture with various transition metals (e.g., Cu, Fe, Co, Ni) remarkably active multifunctional composites can be obtained due mainly to the synergistic metal-ceria interactions, providing the design principles of earth-abundant metal oxide catalysts for various real-life environmental and energy applications.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Glass Crystalline Materials
Glass crystalline materials (GCM) are composite solids consisting of both vitreous and crystalline phases. The major component can be the crystalline phase with a vitreous phase acting as a binding agent or alternatively the vitreous phase can be the major component, with crystalline particles dispersed in the glass matrix. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most commonly used ESS in modern society, mainly due to their high specific capacity, making them appropriate for small and light portable devices without limiting their performance. LIBs are also characterized by prolonged cycle life and no memory effects. These are important advantages that increased the use of LIBs, leading to a progressive replacement of previous technologies, such as nickel–cadmium and nickel–metal hydride batteries, which are less efficient, in particular for small device applications.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Supercritical CO2 Foaming Technologies
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) foaming is divided into physical foaming and chemical foaming; in contrast with the latter, the use of a physical foaming agent for PLA foaming has the characteristic of being green and non-polluting in line with the current carbon-neutral development plan. At the same time, the foam obtained by physical foaming has the properties of lightweight, low density, and more stable. Common physical blowing agents are CO2 and N2. Due to the plasticizing effect of CO2, and its high solubility in PLA, which can promote the crystallization of PLA, the current research on the supercritical foaming of PLA, especially intermittent foaming, mainly uses CO2 as the preferred foaming agent. However, due to the fast diffusion rate of N2, smaller bubbles can be obtained in microcellular injection foaming using N2. Therefore, N2 is commonly used as a blowing agent in the microcellular injection foaming process. In the supercritical foaming process, foaming parameters, such as saturation temperature, saturation pressure, and saturation time have a great influence on the structure and properties of the bubble pores. The cell diameter, cell density, and foam volume expansion ratio are three fundamental parameters for characterizing the cell structure. The variation in the three parameters has a great influence on the cell structure and the performance of the foam. Cell diameter generally refers to the average diameter of at least 100 cell units in the foaming image obtained from electron microscopy. Cell density refers to the number of cells per cubic centimeter of the foamed sample. Volume expansion ratio refers to the density ratio of the unfoamed sample to the foamed sample.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Method of Detecting Perfluorooctanoic Acid
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a new type of organic pollutant in wastewater that is persistent, toxic, and accumulates in living organisms. The development of rapid and sensitive analytical methods to detect PFOA in environmental media is of great importance. Fluorescence detection has the advantages of high efficiency and low cost, in which fluorescent probes have excellent fluorescence properties, excellent bio-solubility, and remarkable photostability. 
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Jan 2023
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