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Topic Review
Bio-Organic Mineral Fertilizer
This entry discusses about Bio-Organic Mineral Fertilizer  for Sustainable Agriculture.
  • 2.6K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microbial Biofertilizers in Rhizosphere Management
The world’s human population continues to increase, posing a significant challenge in ensuring food security as soil nutrients and fertility decrease with time. Thus, there is a need to increase agricultural productivity to meet the growing population's food demands. A high level of chemical fertilizers to increase food production is damaging ecological balance and human health. It is becoming too expensive for many farmers to afford. The exploitation of beneficial soil microorganisms as a substitute for chemical fertilizers in food production is one potential solution to this conundrum. Microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, have demonstrated their ability to formulate biofertilizers in the agricultural sector, providing plants with nutrients required to enhance their growth, increase yield, manage abiotic and biotic stress, and prevent phytopathogens attack. Beneficial soil microbes have been reported to produce some volatile organic compounds beneficial to plants. The amendment of these microbes with locally available organic materials and nanoparticles is currently used to formulate biofertilizers to increase plant productivity.
  • 2.5K
  • 22 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Antifungal/Antibacterial Activity of Peppermint Oil and Cornmint Oil
The genus mint (Mentha) belongs to the Lamiaceae family and includes 42 species, 15 hybrids, and hundreds of subspecies, varieties, and cultivars, which potentially crossbreed when in proximity. Different mints are known for a reasonably high content of essential oils (EO), which are deposited in the glandular trichomes, mostly located on the adaxial surface of their leaves. There are two well-known, so-called menthol mints in cultivation: Mentha x piperita L. (Hudson): peppermint—MP, and Mentha arvensis L., (syn. M. canadensis L., Japanese mint): cornmint—MA.
  • 2.5K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Responses and Mechanisms of Plants against Drought Stress
Drought is an important abiotic stress factor limiting crop productivity worldwide and its impact is increasing with climate change. Regardless of the plant growth period, drought has a deadly and yield-reducing effect on the plant at every stage of development. As with many environmental stressors, drought-exposed plants trigger a series of molecular, biochemical, and physiological responses to overcome the effect of drought stress. Currently, researchers are trying to determine the complex functioning of drought stress response in plants with different approaches. Plants are more sensitive to drought stress during certain critical stages like germination, seedling formation, flowering, fertilization, and grain formation periods. Plants have high success in reducing the effects of drought stress in vegetative development periods with the activity of tolerance mechanisms. On the other hand, drought stress during the generative period can cause irreversible losses in yield. 
  • 2.5K
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Application of Smart Techniques for Sustainable Crop Production
Smart farming, often known as smart agriculture, is a farming practice that uses sustainable methods to meet the population’s growing food needs while minimizing negative effects. The global community has embraced it and is supporting it. The fundamental tenet of this strategy is to effectively utilize the resources at hand for sustainable output while lowering the expenses of all activities associated with the agricultural industry. Smart agriculture represents the use of technologies such as sensors; the internet of things (IoT), which is a network of computing devices; artificial intelligence; and robotics to assist traditional agriculture and convert it into a smart and sustainable agriculture. 
  • 2.4K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Biopesticides for Sustainable Agriculture
Biopesticides are organisms or natural formulations that control or eliminate pests via diverse modes of action (MoA). They cover a wide range of organic products and formulations, such as predatory and parasitic species, biochemical compounds (and their chemical equivalents), and plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs). Biopesticides play critical roles in agriculture, which is the frontier sector driving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Apart from controlling agricultural pests and diseases, they are friendly to the environment, benign to beneficial organisms such as pollinators and plant growth-promoting microorganisms, promote crop productivity and are sensitive to resistant pests created by synthetic pesticides. In addition, biopesticides are very much compatible with the integrated pest management system, which only admits synthetic pesticides as a last resort. As organic formulations, biopesticides fit the defining criteria of Green Chemistry in that they are safe products synthesised from renewable substrates, produce non-toxic compounds and can be driven by minimal energy and biocatalysts.  
  • 2.3K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a natural process of changing atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a simple soluble nontoxic form (NH4+ primarily) which is used by plant cell for synthesis of various biomolecules. Nitrogen fixation is one of the major sources of nitrogen for plants and a key step distributing this nutrient in the ecosystem. Optimization of BNF is critical to sustain both food production and environmental health. 
  • 2.3K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds of Sappan Wood
Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan) is a tropical hardwood tree found in Southeast Asia. Sappan wood contains a water-soluble compound, which imparts a red color named brazilin. Sappan wood is utilized to produce dye for fabric and coloring agents for food and beverages, such as wine and meat. As a valuable medicinal plant, the tree is also known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It has been observed that sappan wood contains various bioactive compounds, including brazilin, brazilein, sappan chalcone, and protosappanin A. It has also been discovered that these substances have various health advantages; they lower inflammation, enhance blood circulation, and are anti-oxidative in nature. Sappan wood has been used as a medicine to address a range of illnesses, such as gastrointestinal problems, respiratory infections, and skin conditions. Studies have also suggested that sappan wood may have anticarcinogenic potential as it possesses cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. 
  • 2.3K
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Bambara Groundnut
Currently, the global agricultural system is focused on a limited number of crop species, thereby presenting a threat to food security and supply, especially with predicted global climate change conditions. The importance of ‘underutilized’ crop species in meeting the world’s demand for food has been duly recognized by research communities, governments and policy makers worldwide. The development of underutilized crops, with their vast genetic resources and beneficial traits, may be a useful step towards solving food security challenges by offering a multifaceted agricultural system that includes additional important food resources. Bambara groundnut is among the beneficial underutilized crop species that may have a positive impact on global food security through organized and well-coordinated multidimensional breeding programs. The excessive degrees of allelic difference in Bambara groundnut germplasm could be exploited in breeding activities to develop new varieties. It is important to match recognized breeding objectives with documented diversity in order to significantly improve breeding. 
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.)
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum(L.) Gaertn.) is a multipurpose crop suitable to Mediterranean environments.
  • 2.2K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Green Onion: Food, Nutritional and Therapeutic Significance
Nutrients are essential for the survival and proper functioning of all living organisms. These chemical compounds, mainly vitamins and minerals, serve as the building blocks and catalysts for various physiological processes within the body. To ensure that the body receives an adequate supply of these nutrients, maintaining a well-balanced diet is crucial. Balanced diets, encompassing a range of food groups, offer a unique set of nutrients necessary for optimal health and bodily function. Green onions are an important source of many essential nutrients, offering a rich array of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, proteins, carbohydrates and phytochemicals in various culinary dishes. Whereas macronutrients, encompassing proteins, carbohydrates and fats, represent the foremost sources of energy in the human body and are involved in various metabolism processes, micronutrients (minerals and vitamins) play critical cellular functions, serving as important antioxidants and participating in diverse enzymatic reactions. These nutrients contribute to the overall well-being of individuals, aiding in the maintenance of proper bodily functions and the prevention of nutritional deficiencies.
  • 2.2K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Production and Productivity of Vegetable Soybean
Vegetable soybean, popularly known as edamame in Japan and mao dou in China is a specialty soybean. Green pods with physiologically mature beans are harvested, and whole pods or shelled beans are used as a fresh or frozen vegetable. Vegetable soybeans are prepared in diverse ways, and they are highly nutritious, with excellent taste properties. 
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Soilless/Microgreen Farming
Global food demand has increased in tandem with the world’s growing population, prompting calls for a new sustainable agricultural method. The scarcity of fertile soil and the world’s agricultural land have also become major concerns. Soilless and microgreen farming combined with nanotechnology may provide a revolutionary solution as well as a more sustainable and productive alternative to conventional farming. In this review, we look at the potential of nanotechnology in soilless and microgreen farming. The available but limited nanotechnology approaches in soilless farming include: (1) Nutrients nanoparticles to minimize nutrient losses and improve nutrient uptake and bioavailability in crops; (2) nano-sensing to provide real-time detection of p H, temperature, as well as quantifying the amount of the nutrient, allowing desired conditions control; and (3) incorporation of nanoparticles to improve the quality of substrate culture as crop cultivation growing medium. Meanwhile, potential nanotechnology applications in soilless and microgreen farming include: (1) Plant trait improvement against environmental disease and stress through nanomaterial application; (2) plant nanobionics to alter or improve the function of the plant tissue or organelle; and (3) extending the shelf life of microgreens by impregnating nanoparticles on the packaging or other preservation method.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Biochar with Alternate-Wetting and Drying-Irrigation
  To minimize excess water usage, alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation practice is considered as an efficient technique in which soil intermittently dried during the growing period of rice by maintaining yield compared to a flooded system. Continuous AWD may result in poor soil health caused by carbon loss, nutrient depletion, cracking, and affecting soil physical properties. Due to being a potential organic amendment, biochar has a great scope to overcome these problems by improving soil’s physicochemical properties.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Nosema locustae
Nosema locustae (Synonyms: Paranosema locustae, Antonospora locustae), a protozoan pathogen of locusts and grasshoppers, was developed as a biological control agent as early as the 1980s. 
  • 2.0K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Insect Sex Pheromone
Insect pheromones are specific natural compounds that meet modern pest control requirements, i.e., species-specificity, lack of toxicity to mammals, environmentally benign, and a component for the Integrated Pest Management of agricultural pests. Mass trapping and mating disruption strategies using sex pheromones have significantly reduced the use of conventional insecticides, thereby providing sustainable and ecofriendly pest management in agricultural crops. 
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Crop Disease
Crop diseases constitute a serious issue in agriculture, affecting both quality and quantity of agriculture production. Disease control has been a research object in many scientific and technologic domains. Technological advances in sensors, data storage, computing resources and artificial intelligence have shown enormous potential to control diseases effectively. A growing body of literature recognizes the importance of using data from different types of sensors and machine learning approaches to build models for detection, prediction, analysis, assessment, etc. However, the increasing number and diversity of research studies requires a literature review for further developments and contributions in this area. 
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Conservation Tillage and Climate Resilience
In the context of climate change, agricultural cultivation, as one of the most vulnerable sectors, is under threat. Extreme weather and climate conditions have caused a series of problems, such as yield loss, more serious pests and diseases, and declining biodiversity. Climate resilience refers to the ability to maintain agriculture’s core functions, including food security, soil and water conservation, and economic growth, while mitigating the impacts of climate change. Conservation tillage is considered a potential method to improve climate resilience. 
  • 2.0K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mobile Computing for Pest and Disease Management
The demand for mobile applications in agriculture is increasing as smartphones are continuously developed and used for many purposes; one of them is managing pests and diseases in crops. Using mobile applications, farmers can detect early infection and improve the specified treatment and precautions to prevent further infection from occurring. Furthermore, farmers can communicate with agricultural authorities to manage their farm from home, and efficiently obtain information such as the spectral signature of crops. Therefore, the spectral signature can be used as a reference to detect pests and diseases with a hyperspectral sensor more efficiently than the conventional method, which takes more time to monitor the entire crop field. 
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Essential Oils Effect on Cucumber Powdery Mildew
Essential oils of lemongrass, lemon, thyme, peppermint, abundance blend, purification blend, and thieves blend were tested in vitro and under greenhouse conditions in two separate experiments. The effects of essential oils were tested against powdery mildew disease at concentrations of 1.0–2.5 mL/L, and the consequent impact of the oils on plant growth was evaluated. Powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera xanthii, was identified using sequencing of the ITS region. The essential oils significantly reduced disease incidence up to 77.3% compared with the positive control (p < 0.5). 
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Dec 2021
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