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Topic Review
Mass Spectrometry and Chromatin Compaction
Chromatin accessibility is a major regulator of gene expression. Histone writers/erasers have a critical role in chromatin compaction, as they “flag” chromatin regions by catalyzing/removing covalent post-translational modifications on histone proteins. Anomalous chromatin decondensation is a common phenomenon in cells experiencing aging and viral infection. Moreover, about 50% of cancers have mutations in enzymes regulating chromatin state. Numerous genomics methods have evolved to characterize chromatin state, but the analysis of (in)accessible chromatin from the protein perspective is not yet in the spotlight.
  • 666
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas and Herbicide Resistance
The rapid increase in herbicide-resistant weeds creates a huge challenge to global food security because it can reduce crop production, causing considerable losses. Combined with a lack of novel herbicides, cultivating herbicide-resistant crops becomes an effective strategy to control weeds because of reduced crop phytotoxicity, and it expands the herbicidal spectrum. Recently developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas)-mediated genome editing techniques enable efficiently targeted modification and hold great potential in creating desired plants with herbicide resistance.
  • 664
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Warburg Effect in Colorectal Carcinogenesis
Colorectal cancer is one of the most leading causes of death worldwide. The Hallmark of colorectal cancer is the increase of glucose uptake and lactate production even in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon known as the “Warburg effect”. 
  • 663
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Targeting KRAS in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most intractable malignant tumors worldwide, and is known for its refractory and poor prognosis. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer. KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in PDAC. It has been considered the “untargetable” oncogene for decades until the emergence of G12C inhibitors, which put an end to this dilemma by covalent binding to the switch-II pocket of the G12C mutant protein. However, G12C inhibitors showed remarkable efficacy against non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while the G12C mutation is rare in PDAC. Based on the successful experience of G12C inhibitors, targeting KRAS G12D/V, which forms the majority of KRAS mutations in PDAC, is gradually being regarded as a potential therapy.
  • 663
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Phytochemicals in Redox Homeostasis
Redox homeostasis, a dynamic process ensuring a balance between cellular oxidizing and reducing reactions, is crucial for maintaining healthy cellular physiology and regulating many biological processes, requiring continuous monitoring and fine-tuning. Reactive species play a critical role in intra/intercellular signaling, and each cell has a specific system guarding cellular redox homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and oxidative stress are involved in cancer initiation and progression.
  • 663
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CL Biosynthesis and Functions
The heart is the most energy-consuming organ in the human body. In heart failure, the homeostasis of energy supply and demand is endangered by an increase in cardiomyocyte workload, or by an insufficiency in energy-providing processes. Energy metabolism is directly associated with mitochondrial redox homeostasis. The production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) may overwhelm mitochondrial and cellular ROS defense mechanisms in case of heart failure. Mitochondria are essential cell organelles and provide 95% of the required energy in the heart. Metabolic remodeling, changes in mitochondrial structure or function, and alterations in mitochondrial calcium signaling diminish mitochondrial energy provision in many forms of cardiomyopathy. The mitochondrial respiratory chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which couples respiration with oxidative phosphorylation and the preservation of energy in the chemical bonds of ATP. Akin to other mitochondrial enzymes, the respiratory chain is integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane. The tight association with the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) ensures its structural integrity and coordinates enzymatic activity. This review focuses on how changes in mitochondrial CL may be associated with heart failure. Dysfunctional CL has been found in diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischemia reperfusion injury and the aging heart. Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by an inherited defect in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin. Moreover, a dysfunctional CL pool causes other types of rare inherited cardiomyopathies, such as Sengers syndrome and Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Ataxia (DCMA). Here we review the impact of cardiolipin deficiency on mitochondrial functions in cellular and animal models. 
  • 661
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Surgical Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours (pNETs)
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) are a group of rare neoplasms with an incidence of 1–2/100,000 inhabitants/year. They represent 2% of all pancreatic neoplasms and are characterized by a great heterogeneity according to their genetic or sporadic origin, their functional or non-functional character, their degree of locoregional or systemic invasion and their single or multiple localization. The reference curative treatment is surgical resection of the pancreatic tumor in specialized high-volume centres, after a multidisciplinary discussion involving surgeons, oncologists, radiologists and pathologists.
  • 660
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Quantitative Electroencephalogram
Over many decades, clinical, systemic, and cognitive neuroscience have produced a large and diverse body of evidence for the potential utility of brain activity (measured by electroencephalogram—EEG) for neurology and psychiatry. These data are enormous and essential information often gets buried, leaving many researchers stuck with outdated paradigms.
  • 660
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Photochemical Internalization of siRNA for Cancer Therapy
In the race to design ever more effective therapy with ever more focused and controlled actions, nanomedicine and phototherapy seem to be two allies of choice. Indeed, the use of nanovectors making it possible to transport and protect genetic material is becoming increasingly important. In addition, the use of a method allowing the release of genetic material in a controlled way in space and time is also a strategy increasingly studied thanks to the use of lasers. In parallel, the use of interfering RNA and, more particularly, of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) has demonstrated significant potential for gene therapy.
  • 659
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Zebrafish Kidney's Response to Fasting
Animals obtain nutrition and energy by eating and to achieve a balance between growth and body health. When the nutrient intake is abnormal, the growth status changes, presumably resulting in changes in the intrinsic immune system. The zebrafish (Danio rerio), a well-known fish model organism, can serve as a suitable model to explore the changes happened to the innate immune system. In this study, the zebrafish underwent 3 weeks of fasting and refeeding for 3 to 7day periods. During this period, zebrafish displayed a specific growth phenomenon so called compensatory growth (CG), accompanied by increased susceptibility to pathogens after starvation. The kidneys suffering starvation displayed an increase of the amount of melano-macrophage centers and appeared oxidative stress, and the antioxidant enzymes activity like CAT, GSH-Px and SOD increased after fasting. In addition, the activity of ALP and lysozyme as well as il-1β mRNA expression enhanced after starvation. Taken together, oxidative stress caused by starvation and the danger-associated molecular patterns produced by injured renal tubules may have contributed to inflammation. This study showed that the function of the innate immune system in zebrafish could be influenced by nutrition status. Further study is needed to explore how starvation increases susceptibility and how the metabolic state influences different kinds of immune cells.
  • 658
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cinnamomum osmophloeum and Oral Mucositis
Cinnamon plants (Cinnamomum spp.) are of the genus Lauraceae, native to South and Southeast Asia, and are generally used as food flavors and traditional medicinal plants. Cinnamomum osmophloeum, commonly known as indigenous cinnamon or pseudocinnamon, is endemic to Taiwan’s natural hardwood forests.
  • 658
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Rusty Grain Beetle
Cryptolestes ferrugineus, the rusty grain beetle, is a cosmopolitan pest that has adapted to cool and warm climates due to its unique biology, ecology, and behavior. The rusty grain beetle is a pest of high economic importance; hence, understanding their biology, ecology, and behavior could be useful in designing effective management strategies.
  • 658
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Paclitaxel and Breast Cancer
Paclitaxel (PTX), the most widely used anticancer drug, is applied for the treatment of various types of malignant diseases. Mechanisms of PTX action represent several ways in which PTX affects cellular processes resulting in programmed cell death. PTX is frequently used as the first-line treatment drug in breast cancer (BC). Unfortunately, the resistance of BC to PTX treatment is a great obstacle in clinical applications and one of the major causes of death associated with treatment failure. Factors contributing to PTX resistance, such as ABC transporters, microRNAs (miRNAs), or mutations in certain genes, along with side effects of PTX including peripheral neuropathy or hypersensitivity associated with the vehicle used to overcome its poor solubility, are responsible for intensive research concerning the use of PTX in preclinical and clinical studies. Novelties such as albumin-bound PTX (nab-PTX) demonstrate a progressive approach leading to higher efficiency and decreased risk of side effects after drug administration. Moreover, PTX nanoparticles for targeted treatment of BC promise a stable and efficient therapeutic intervention.
  • 657
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Digital Value Stream Twin
The Value Stream Method (VSM) is widely used in manufacturing to analyze and redesign value streams. It is to improve processes, reduce waste and create a thorough product flow. Despite having many benefits, VSM also comes with disadvantages regarding modern dynamic production environments. It fails to meet the requirement of providing reliable information for a realistic Value Stream Design (VSD) followed by targeted improvement activities. As a result, the VSM is usually subject to uncertainty and relies on expert knowledge. Digitalization, on the other hand, is leading to an increasing availability of production data. The use of data has the potential to support the VSM with targeted data preparation. In this regard, the concept of Digital Twin (DT) offers the capability of providing the required database to systematically collect and condense this data.
  • 657
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR-Based Technologies in Wine Yeasts
For the highly competitive wine market with new demands for improved wine quality and wine safety, it has become increasingly critical to develop new yeast strains. New possibilities arose for creating upgraded wine yeasts in the laboratory, resulting in the development of strains with better fermentation abilities, able to improve the sensory quality of wines and produce wines targeted to specific consumers, considering their health and nutrition requirements. However, only two genetically modified (GM) wine yeast strains are officially registered and approved for commercial use. Compared with traditional genetic engineering methods, CRISPR/Cas9 is described as efficient, versatile, cheap, easy-to-use, and able to target multiple sites.
  • 657
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
WWOX Impairment in Neurological Disorders
There is an emerging role of the transcriptional regulator WW domain containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) in a number of neurological disorders including early-onset epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the underlying mechanism of WWOX function is still currently unknown.  
  • 656
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Zinc Transporters of the Brain
Zinc ions play an essential role in the physiology of brain function. Zinc acts as a potent neuromodulatory agent and signaling ions, regulating healthy brain development and the function of both neurons and glial cells. Therefore, the concentration of zinc within the brain and its cells is tightly controlled. Zinc transporters are key regulators of (extra-)cellular zinc levels, and deregulation of zinc homeostasis and zinc transporters has been associated with neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, more information is provided about the presence of specific zinc transporters and their subcellular localization within brain cells (neurons, astrocytes).
  • 656
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Cell-Type Annotation
Multicellular organisms consist of cells that can be categorized by their function and morphology. Single-cell transcriptomics makes it possible to individually profile thousands of cells in multiple tissues and organisms within a single experiment. Determining and labeling cell types or states in single cell transcriptomic data is known as cell-type annotation or identification. Several methods are employed for cell-type annotation, including signature scoring, supervised learning, cell-integration-based label transfer, and semi-supervised annotation. Considering the lineage relationships among cell types, hierarchical classification methods are crucial for accurately identifying cell types and subtypes at an optimal clustering resolution. The use of well-curated reference datasets, implementation of quality control measures, and careful consideration of cluster resolutions heavily influence the reliability of cell-type annotation. The aim of cell-type annotation is to gain insights into cell heterogeneity in various biological processes and diseases, with the potential to drive improvements in therapeutic interventions.
  • 656
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Chagas Disease Patients
Chagas disease is considered a neglected tropical disease. The acute phase of Chagas disease is characterized by several symptoms: fever, fatigue, body aches, headache and cardiopathy’s. Chronic phase could be asymptomatic or symptomatic with cardiac compromise. Since the emergence of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the cardiovascular involvement has been identified as a complication commonly reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Due to the lack of knowledge of the cardiac affectations that this virus could cause in patients with Chagas disease.
  • 655
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
KCNQ1OT1
KCNQ1 Opposite Strand/Antisense Transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) encodes a lncRNA from the opposite strand of KCNQ1 in the CDKN1C/KCNQ1OT1 cluster that is reported to play a vital role in the development and progression of cancer.
  • 655
  • 01 Dec 2021
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