Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Myocardium Infarction
Myocardium Infarction (MI) is one of the foremost cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) causing death worldwide, and its case numbers are expected to continuously increase in the coming years. Pharmacological interventions have not been at the forefront in ameliorating MI-related morbidity and mortality. Stem cell-based tissue engineering approaches have been extensively explored for their regenerative potential in the infarcted myocardium. Recent studies on microfluidic devices employing stem cells under laboratory set-up have revealed meticulous events pertaining to the pathophysiology of MI occurring at the infarcted site. This discovery also underpins the appropriate conditions in the niche for differentiating stem cells into mature cardiomyocyte-like cells and leads to engineering of the scaffold via mimicking of native cardiac physiological conditions. However, the mode of stem cell-loaded engineered scaffolds delivered to the site of infarction is still a challenging mission, and yet to be translated to the clinical setting.
  • 999
  • 23 Oct 2021
Topic Review
iPSC in Cardiovascular Diseases
Since their discovery in 2006, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) immediately stand out for their potential. While their differentiation capabilities are similar to those of ESCs, their somatic origin does not raise the same ethical questions as ESCs. In the cardiovascular field, methodological and intellectual progresses led to the development of highly sophisticated systems, such as patient-implantable cardiopatches, giving an enormous impulse to the regenerative medicine field.
  • 998
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Temporal Artery Vascular Diseases
The term “temporal arteritis” is sometimes used to refer to giant cell arteritis (GCA) but this term is not appropriate. In fact, GCA does not consistently affect the temporal artery (TA) and other types of vasculitis or non-inflammatory diseases may affect TA.
  • 998
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
P2Y12 Inhibitor Monotherapy and Dual Antiplatelet Therapy
Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor is the standard treatment for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation. Although it is an effective treatment to reduce the risk of ischemic events and stent thrombosis, it increases the risk of bleeding. Newer-generations of drug-eluting stents (DES) have thinner stent struts and better design to lower the risk of stent thrombosis and have more rapid endothelialization. The role of DAPT was challenged by many clinical trials in recent years. Increasing evidence is showing P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy is a feasible alternative treatment for patients after PCI with stent implantation in the modern era, as it could lower the risk of bleeding complications and still has enough antiplatelet effect to avoid recurrent ischemic events.
  • 996
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Broad Electrocardiogram Syndromes Spectrum
Electrocardiogram (ECG) still remains a very useful diagnostic method in modern cardiology. Its broad availability, noninvasiveness and good sensitivity explain why it plays a capital role in the very beginning of the process of diagnosis for every patient, with or without cardiac-related complaints. For the practitioner, good training in ECG interpretation is mandatory. Sometimes, the ECG trace reveals particular aspects that may cause confusion and complicate decision-making. Several less common situations underlying the general context and ECG features are presented. The syndromes studied have a high pathological significance and may range from acute emergencies that call for a rapid therapeutical response to chronic syndromes that require prolonged observation, monitoring and risk stratification.
  • 995
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Drug Targets to Prevent Death Due to Stroke
Acute ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most prevalent major health problems worldwide, which frequently causes severe functional disabilities and mortality. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed that the backbone of the highly connective network of IS death consisted of IL6, ALB, TNF, SERPINE1, VWF, VCAM1, TGFB1, and SELE. Cluster analysis revealed immune and hemostasis subnetworks, which were strongly interconnected through the major switches ALB and VWF. Enrichment analysis revealed that the PPI immune subnetwork of death due to IS was highly associated with TLR2/4, TNF, JAK-STAT, NOD, IL10, IL13, IL4, and TGF-β1/SMAD pathways. The top biological and molecular functions and pathways enriched in the hemostasis network of death due to IS were platelet degranulation and activation, the intrinsic pathway of fibrin clot formation, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator pathway, post-translational protein phosphorylation, integrin cell-surface interactions, and the proteoglycan-integrin extracellular matrix complex (ECM). Regulation Explorer analysis of transcriptional factors shows: (a) that NFKB1, RELA and SP1 were the major regulating actors of the PPI network; and (b) hsa-mir-26-5p and hsa-16-5p were the major regulating microRNA actors. 
  • 992
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cardiac-Targeting Peptide
Despite significant strides in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, cardiovascular diseases remain the number one cause of mortality in the United States, with rates climbing at an alarming rate in the developing world. Targeted delivery of therapeutics to the heart has been a lofty goal to achieve with strategies ranging from direct intra-cardiac or intra-pericardial delivery, intra-coronary infusion, to adenoviral, lentiviral, and adeno-associated viral vectors which have preference, if not complete cardio-selectivity, for cardiac tissue. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are 5–30-amino-acid-long peptides that are able to breach cell membrane barriers while carrying cargoes up to several times their size, in an intact functional form. Identified nearly three decades ago, the first of these CPPs came from the HIV coat protein transactivator of transcription. Although a highly efficient CPP, its clinical utility is limited by its robust ability to cross any cell membrane barrier, including crossing the blood–brain barrier and transducing neuronal tissue non-specifically.
  • 991
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nailfold Capillaroscopy
Nailfold capillaroscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique applied to an in vivo, dynamic, two-dimensional projection of the three-dimensional capillary network of the studied organ, typically the skin. 
  • 990
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Diagnostic Method for Cardiac Malposition
A significant number of patients with dextrocardia and other cardiac malpositions have other congenital heart defects (CHDs). The incidence of CHDs in subjects with cardiac malpositions is significantly greater than that in normal children, and the prevalence varies with the associated visceroatrial situs. The most useful approach to diagnosis is segmental analysis. Firstly, dextroposition should be excluded. In segmental analysis, the visceroatrial situs, ventricular location, status of atrioventricular connections, the great artery relationship, and conotruncal relationship are determined with the use of electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray, and echocardiographic studies, and, when necessary, other imaging studies, including angiography. Following identification of the afore-mentioned segments, the associated defects in the atrial and ventricular septae, valvar and vascular stenosis or atresia may be determined by a review of the historical information, physical examination, and analysis of chest roentgenogram, ECG, and echocardiographic studies. Along the way, a pictorial rendition of the terminology and diagnosis of cardiac malpositions is undertaken.
  • 988
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Antiplatelet for Older Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes
Patients ≥ 75 years of age account for about one third of hospitalizations for acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Since the European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend that older ACS patients use the same diagnostic and interventional strategies used by the younger ones, most elderly patients are currently treated invasively. Therefore, an appropriate dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is indicated as part of the secondary prevention strategy to be implemented in such patients. The choice of the composition and duration of DAPT should be tailored on an individual basis, after careful assessment of the thrombotic and bleeding risk of each patient. Advanced age is a main risk factor for bleeding. Data show that in patients of high bleeding risk short DAPT (1 to 3 months) is associated with decreased bleeding complications and similar thrombotic events, as compared to standard 12-month DAPT. Clopidogrel seems the preferable P2Y12 inhibitor, due to a better safety profile than ticagrelor. When the bleeding risk is associated with a high thrombotic risk (a circumstance present in about two thirds of older ACS patients) it is important to tailor the treatment by taking into account the fact that the thrombotic risk is high during the first months after the index event and then wanes gradually over time, whereas the bleeding risk remains constant. 
  • 988
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Transcription Control of Liver Development
During liver organogenesis, cellular transcriptional profiles are constantly reshaped by the action of hepatic transcriptional regulators, including FoxA1-3, GATA4/6, HNF1α/β, HNF4α, HNF6, OC-2, C/EBPα/β, Hex, and Prox1. These factors are crucial for the activation of hepatic genes. The initial opening of highly condensed chromatin is executed by a special class of transcription factors known as pioneer factors. This is followed by the progressive recruitment of chromatin modifiers and the stable or transient binding of other transcription factors, which lead to the gradual deposition of activating histone modifications and the broadening of active chromatin domains. The resulting permissive chromatin state facilitates the assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC) and promotes transcriptional initiation.
  • 986
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sudden Death Risk in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
Although substantial progress has been made to prevent sudden cardiac death in repaired tetralogy of Fallot patients, ventricular arrhythmia and sudden death continue to be major causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Greater survival in contemporary cohorts has been attributed to enhanced surgical techniques, more effective management of heart failure, and increased efforts in risk stratification and management of ventricular arrhythmias.
  • 985
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Dysfunctional High-Density Lipoproteins in T2DM
High density lipoproteins (HDLs) are commonly known for their anti‑atherogenic properties that include functions such as the promotion of cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport, as well as antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory activities. However, because of some chronic inflammatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), significant changes occur in HDLs in terms of both structure and composition. These alterations lead to the loss of HDLs’ physiological functions, to transformation into dysfunctional lipoproteins, and to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • 984
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Heart Failure and Diabetes Mellitus
Heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a synergistic effect on cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in patients with established CV disease (CVD). 
  • 983
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Arrhythmia-Related Cardiovascular Disease
Targeted cellular ablation is being increasingly used in the treatment of arrhythmias and structural heart disease. Catheter-based ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) is considered a safe and effective approach for patients who are medication refractory. Electroporation (EPo) employs electrical energy to disrupt cell membranes which has a minimally thermal effect. The nanopores that arise from EPo can be temporary or permanent. Reversible electroporation is transitory in nature and cell viability is maintained, whereas irreversible electroporation causes permanent pore formation, leading to loss of cellular homeostasis and cell death. Several studies report that EPo displays a degree of specificity in terms of the lethal threshold required to induce cell death in different tissues. However, significantly more research is required to scope the profile of EPo thresholds for specific cell types within complex tissues. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) as an ablative approach appears to overcome the significant negative effects associated with thermal based techniques, particularly collateral damage to surrounding structures. With further fine-tuning of parameters and longer and larger clinical trials, EPo 
  • 983
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cardioplegic Solutions in pigs
Cardioplegic solutions are essential in cardiac surgery since they create a silent operating field and protect the myocardium against extensive ischemic damage and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Cardioplegia is defined as controlled-induced cardiac arrest. A cardioplegic solution induces cardioplegia leading to reversible cardiac arrest.
  • 981
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Triglyceride/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio in Metabolic Syndrome
Increased plasma triglycerides (TG) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels have been associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and their ratio, TG/HDL-C, has been proposed as a novel biomarker for predicting the risk of both clinical entities.
  • 981
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
In contrast to standard exercise testing and stress echoes, which are limited due to the ECG changes and wall motion abnormalities that characterize this condition, CPET allows for the assessment of the complex pathophysiology and severity of the disease, its mechanisms of functional limitation, and its risk stratification. It is useful tool to evaluate the risk for sudden cardiac death and select patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), cardiac transplantation, or mechanical circulatory support, especially when symptomatology and functional status are uncertain. It may help in differentiating HCM from other forms of cardiac hypertrophy, such as athletes’ heart. Finally, it is used to guide and monitor therapy as well as for exercise prescription. It may be considered every 2 years in clinically stable patients or every year in patients with worsening symptoms. Although performed only in specialized centers, CPET combined with echocardiography (i.e., CPET imaging) and invasive CPET are more informative and provide a better assessment of cardiac functional status, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and diastolic dysfunction during exercise in patients with HCM.
  • 981
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ox-Stress, Genetics-Epigenetic and Aging CVD
Aging can be seen as process characterized by accumulation of oxidative stress induced damage. Oxidative stress derives from different endogenous and exogenous processes, all of which ultimately lead to progressive loss in tissue and organ structure and functions. The oxidative stress theory of aging expresses itself in age-related diseases. Aging is in fact a primary risk factor for many diseases and in particular for cardiovascular diseases and its derived morbidity and mortality. Here we highlight the role of oxidative stress in age-related cardiovascular aging and diseases. We take into consideration the molecular mechanisms, the structural and functional alterations, and the diseases accompanied to the cardiovascular aging process.
  • 980
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sudden Unexplained Death
Sudden unexplained death (SUD) is a fatal event that encompasses several heart disorders which lead to abrupt and unpredicted death. Normally, the victim has no known history of heart disease. In adult population (16–64 years) the SUD rate is 11/100,000 per year, while, in the young population (<16 years of age), it is 7.5/100,000. Please note that sudden unexplained death is sometimes used as a synonym of sudden unexpected death but some authors use this term to specifically indicate sudden deaths in which both autopsy and toxicology testing are negative. 
  • 980
  • 05 May 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 45
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Academic Video Service
Feedback