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Topic Review
Methods for Characterizing Protein S-Glutathionylation
Protein S-glutathionylation (SSG) is a reversible post-translational modification (PTM) featuring the conjugation of glutathione to a protein cysteine thiol. SSG can alter protein structure, activity, subcellular localization, and interaction with small molecules and other proteins. Thus, it plays a critical role in redox signaling and regulation in various physiological activities and pathological events. Many approaches have been developed for the detection of SSG, including direct detection, selective reduction and tagging approaches, and chemoselective probe-based approaches. Utilization of these methods in profiling the SSG proteome had been reported in various biological systems. 
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mammalian Na+/H+ Exchanger
The mammalian Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1, isoform 1) is a ubiquitously expressed membrane protein of mammalian cells. It removes one intracellular proton in exchange for a single extracellular sodium ion. NHE1 has several important physiological functions. It maintains intracellular pH (pHi) while protecting cells from acidification as a result of metabolism. It also regulates cell volume in response to osmotic challenge. There are ten isoforms of NHE that are different gene products. In human pathology, NHE1 is critical in several diseases, including myocardial heart hypertrophy and ischemia reperfusion damage . NHE1 is also important in breast cancer, where it acts as a trigger for metastasis.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Homologous Recombination Deficiency
The Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) phenotype makes these tumors sensitive to DNA double strand break-inducing agents, including poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) inhibitors.
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Phytochemical Information and Pharmacology of European Orchids
The Orchidaceae family has thousands of members, and most of them are mentioned in the folk medicine of nations around the world. The use of terrestrial orchids in European and Mediterranean regions has been reported since ancient times. Plant collection for human use is still listed as one of the main threats for terrestrial orchids (i.e. harvesting for Salep), alongside other menacing factors such as wrong habitat management and disturbance to symbionts, such as pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi. Here, phytochemical data are discussed to evaluate the presence of bioactive compounds of pharmacological relevance. Furthermore, it is debated whether the presence of these compounds could support the therapeutic employment of the different orchid organs.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Storage, Preservation and Processing of Toona sinensis
Toona sinensis, a perennial and deciduous tree belonging to the Meliaceae family, has been cultivated for more than 2000 years in China. Storing the buds of T. sinensis is difficult, as it is easy for them to rot during storage, which seriously affects their edible and commodity value. There are three kinds of storage and preservation methods of T. sinensis buds; although they can extend the shelf life of T. sinensis, the nutrients in this vegetable plant experience different degrees of loss. Because bio-preservation methods have the advantages of being natural, safe, and simple, it has become one of the research hotspots of food preservation technology. Furthermore, in order to extend the consumption period of T. sinensis, it is processed into a wide variety of foods.
  • 2.0K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Semiconductor Electrode Materials
Industrial sources of environmental pollution generate huge amounts of industrial wastewater containing various recalcitrant organic and inorganic pollutants that are hazardous to the environment. On the other hand, industrial wastewater can be regarded as a prospective source of fresh water, energy, and valuable raw materials. Conventional sewage treatment systems are often not efficient enough for the complete degradation of pollutants and they are characterized by high energy consumption. Moreover, the chemical energy that is stored in the wastewater is wasted. A solution to these problems is an application of photoelectrocatalytic treatment methods, especially when they are coupled with energy generation. The paper presents a general overview of the semiconductor materials applied as photoelectrodes in the treatment of various pollutants. The fundamentals of photoelectrocatalytic reactions and the mechanism of pollutants treatment as well as parameters affecting treatment processes are presented. Examples of different semiconductor photoelectrodes that are applied in treatment processes are described in order to present the strengths and weaknesses of the photoelectrocatalytic treatment of industrial wastewater. This overview is an addition to the existing knowledge with a particular focus on the main experimental conditions employed in the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of various pollutants with the application of semiconductor photoelectrodes.
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Histone H1 post-translational modifications
Protein molecules can be further modified after translation. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are responsible for most of the proteome diversity and often modulate critical protein functions in health and disease. Histone H1 is a chromatin structural protein, which contains many PTMs that may alter chromatin structure and function. In this entry, we present a summary of the post-translational modifications (PTMs) identified, up to date, in histone H1 from lower eukaryotes to humans. We also highlight the use of different proteomic strategies, as well as the technical challenges involved in mapping H1 PTMs.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Genetic and Epigenetic Regulations in Cancer
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles managing crucial processes of cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. Enabling rapid cellular adaptation to altered endogenous and exogenous environments, mitochondria play an important role in many pathophysiological states, including cancer. Being under the control of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (mtDNA and nDNA), mitochondria adjust their activity and biogenesis to cell demands. In cancer, numerous mutations in mtDNA have been detected, which do not inactivate mitochondrial functions but rather alter energy metabolism to support cancer cell growth. Increasing evidence suggests that mtDNA mutations, mtDNA epigenetics and miRNA regulations dynamically modify signalling pathways in an altered microenvironment, resulting in cancer initiation and progression and aberrant therapy response. 
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Transcription Factors
Transcription factors (TFs) are regulatory proteins that are responsible for the mechanistic control of gene transcription.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Conformationally Constrained Peptides
Constrained Peptides are peptides whose conformation is restricted to the one that the ligand assumes upon target binding (or to a subset of structures occupied by a flexible parent peptide). This is typically achieved by macrocyclization of the peptide chain. Structure regidification is highly advantageous with regard to attaining increased affinity and can also affect proteolytic stability.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Lipoprotein Lipase Regulation in Atherosclerosis
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a major role in the lipid homeostasis mainly by mediating the intravascular lipolysis of triglyceride rich lipoproteins. Impaired LPL activity leads to the accumulation of chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in plasma, resulting in hypertriglyceridemia. While low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is recognized as a primary risk factor for atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia has been shown to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a residual risk factor in atherosclerosis development.
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Regulation of Membrane Fluidity in Cold Environments
Temperature changes and periods of detrimental cold occur frequently for many organisms in their natural habitats. Homeothermic animals have evolved metabolic adaptation strategies to increase mitochondrial-based energy expenditure and heat production, largely relying on fat as a fuel source. Alternatively, certain species are able to repress their metabolism during cold periods and enter a state of decreased physiological activity known as torpor. By contrast, poikilotherms, which are unable to maintain their internal temperature, predominantly increase membrane fluidity to diminish cold-related damage from low-temperature stress.
  • 2.0K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Connexin 26
Connexin 26, one of the smallest connexins, is expressed in diverse epithelial tissue and mutations in this protein are associated with hearing loss, skin and eye conditions of differing severity.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Coenzyme Q10 Metabolism
The variable success in the outcome of randomised controlled trials supplementing coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) may in turn be associated with a number of currently unresolved issues relating to CoQ10 metabolism.
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Biological Detoxification of Mycotoxins
The continuous occurrence of food contaminants worldwide poses a critical threat to the health of human and livestock. One of the major contaminants in food and feed products are mycotoxins, the secondary metabolites synthesized by toxigenic fungi strains, mainly those belonging to Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium genera. Both acute and chronic exposure to mycotoxin-contaminated food may cause deleterious health effects including retarded growth, suppression of the immune response, vomiting, infertility and gastrointestinal and carcinogenic diseases. These mycotoxins occur in various products, from raw agricultural products such as corn, barley, oats, fruits and herbs, to commercial commodities including aquafeeds, beverages, fruit and vegetable-derived products. The contamination of mycotoxins can occur during any part of the complex food chain, including harvest, industry processing, transportation and/or storage, imposing social burdens on the food industry due to the waste created by contaminated products. This creates an urgent demand for mycotoxin removal methods to minimize economic loss and hazards to consumers.
  • 2.0K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Adenosine-to-Inosine RNA Editing
Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is a system of post-transcriptional modification widely distributed in metazoans which is catalyzed by ADAR enzymes and occurs mostly in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) before splicing. This type of RNA editing changes the genetic code, as inosine generally pairs with cytosine in contrast to adenosine, and this expectably modulates RNA splicing.
  • 2.0K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
PAX5 Expression and Regulation
PAX5, a member of the Paired Box (PAX) transcription factor family, is an essential factor for B-lineage identity during lymphoid differentiation. Mechanistically, PAX5 controls gene expression profiles, pivotal to cellular processes such as viability, proliferation, and differentiation. Given its crucial function in B-cell development, PAX5 aberrant expression also correlates with hallmark cancer processes leading to hematological and other types of cancer lesion.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
GID/CTLH E3 Ligase Complexes
Multi-subunit E3 ligases facilitate ubiquitin transfer by coordinating various substrate receptor subunits with a single catalytic center. Small molecules inducing targeted protein degradation have exploited such complexes, proving successful as therapeutics against previously undruggable targets. The C-terminal to LisH (CTLH) complex, also called the glucose-induced degradation deficient (GID) complex, is a multi-subunit E3 ligase complex highly conserved from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to humans, with roles in fundamental pathways controlling homeostasis and development in several species.
  • 2.0K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Development of Rudimentary Structure of Mammary Gland
The mammary gland is a compound, branched tubuloalveolar structure and a major characteristic of mammals. The mammary gland has evolved from epidermal apocrine glands, the skin glands as an accessory reproductive organ to support postnatal survival of offspring by producing milk as a source of nutrition. The mammary gland development begins during embryogenesis as a rudimentary structure that grows into an elementary branched ductal tree and is embedded in one end of a larger mammary fat pad at birth. At the onset of ovarian function at puberty, the rudimentary ductal system undergoes dramatic morphogenetic change with ductal elongation and branching. During pregnancy, the alveolar differentiation and tertiary branching are completed, and during lactation, the mature milk-producing glands eventually develop. The early stages of mammary development are hormonal independent, whereas during puberty and pregnancy, mammary gland development is hormonal dependent. The mammary gland develops as a rudimentary structure from a thickening under the ventral skin during embryogenesis. This rudimentary structure grows into a rudimentary branched ductal tree embedded in one end of a larger mammary fat pad at birth. The embryonic development of the mammary gland is a series of several hormone-independent specialized events.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR FokI Dead Cas9 System
FokI–dCas9 (fdCas9) or RNA-guided FokI nuclease (RFN) is a genome editing tool engineered by fusing  the catalytic domain of the FokI endonuclease to the N-terminal catalytic inactive Cas9 protein. The fdCas9 system is active only as a heterodimer, requiring the simultaneous binding of two fdCas9/sgRNAs monomers at adjacent target sites in a PAM-out orientation, and a specific spacer distance separating the two binding sites of the two sgRNAs. The five engineered and published constructs induce significant gene editing activities and specificities, as tested on various gene targets and overcome the off-target effects associated with other genome editing tools, including ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas systems.
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Nov 2020
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