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Topic Review
EFFECT OF SURJECTION ON INHERITANCE, Second Edition
Abstract:  This is Third Edition: Consider an evolutionary process. In most genetic inheritance and in human cultural systems each new offspring is typically assigned to be produced by a specific pair of the previous population. This form of mathematical arrangement is called a surjection. We have thus briefly described the mechanics of genetics – physical mechanics describes the possible forms of loci, and normal genetic statistics describe the results as viability of offspring in actual use. But we have also described much of the mechanics of mathematical anthropology. Understanding that what we know as cultural inheritance is also the result of finding surjections and their consequences, especially in cultures for the expected populations. The review below shows us that in describing evolution, two sorts of statistics are required: those that follow specific inheritance of actual surviving individuals from specific matings, and those which follow population averages on a larger classes of individuals.  The underlying probabilities of each in a population, given the underlying surjections, is that the mathematics of these probabilities can be understood by finite Hilbert spaces.   This does not mean “quantum mechanics” predicts both biological and cultural evolution, thought citations below shows that quantum physics is in fact responsible for the underling group theory that creates biological evolution.  We especially note the brilliant work of L. Gatlin in the 1960’s describing how biological evolution is a necessary part of physics. The parallels to cultural evolution are instead in the relation to how mathematical group theory can affect the potential structuring of subsequent generations.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Androgenetic Alopecia
Androgenetic alopecia is a common form of hair loss in both men and women. In men, this condition is also known as male-pattern baldness. Hair is lost in a well-defined pattern, beginning above both temples. Over time, the hairline recedes to form a characteristic "M" shape. Hair also thins at the crown (near the top of the head), often progressing to partial or complete baldness.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Myoclonic Epilepsy Myopathy Sensory Ataxia
Myoclonic epilepsy myopathy sensory ataxia, commonly called MEMSA, is part of a group of conditions called the POLG-related disorders.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a condition that affects sexual development before birth and during puberty. People with this condition are genetically male, with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome in each cell. Because their bodies are unable to respond to certain male sex hormones (called androgens), they may have mostly female external sex characteristics or signs of both male and female sexual development.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
FN1 Gene
Fibronectin 1
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Sequencing for Inherited Retinal Diseases
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) represent a collection of phenotypically and genetically diverse conditions. IRDs phenotype(s) can be isolated to the eye or can involve multiple tissues. These conditions are associated with diverse forms of inheritance, and variants within the same gene often can be associated with multiple distinct phenotypes. Such aspects of the IRDs highlight the difficulty met when establishing a genetic diagnosis in patients. Here we provide an overview of cutting-edge next-generation sequencing techniques and strategies currently in use to maximise the effectivity of IRD gene screening. These techniques have helped researchers globally to find elusive causes of IRDs, including copy number variants, structural variants, new IRD genes and deep intronic variants, among others. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
All-trans Retinoic Acid
Clinical reports suggest a potential link between excess retinoids and development of depression. Although it has been shown that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) administration induces behavioral changes, further insight into how ATRA is involved is lacking. The hippocampus seems to be a major target of retinoids, and abnormal synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus is involved in depression. We examined two genes associated with synaptic function, discs large homolog 2 (DLG2), and synapse differentiation-inducing gene protein 1 (SynDIG1) in terms of hippocampal expression and correlation with behavior. Three different doses of ATRA were injected into young mice and 10 mg/kg ATRA was found to induce depression-like behavior. In the hippocampus, DLG2 mRNA was significantly decreased by ATRA. mRNA levels were positively correlated with central area duration and distance in the open-field test. Increased SynDIG1 mRNA levels were observed. There was a negative correlation between SynDIG1 mRNA levels and mobility time in the forced swimming test. Retinoic acid receptor γ mRNA was significantly positively correlated with DLG2 and negatively correlated with SynDIG1. To summarize, ATRA administration induced anxiety- and depression-like behavior accompanied by a decreased expression of DLG2 and an increased expression of SynDIG1. Moreover, DLG2 was correlated with anxiety-like behavior and SynDIG1 was correlated with depression-like behavior. These results might constitute a novel target underlying ATRA-induced anxiety- and depression-like behavior.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Green Tea Catechins
Green tea and green tea catechins have been shown to be strongly inhibitory to cancer formation in rodents. They are believed to do this by altering cells after they have been initiated on the path toward cancer. Green tea and green tea catechin prevention of cancer in humans has been hard to detect. We discuss that the reason for this difference is likely to be the digestive tract microbiome. If green tea catechins are to be continue to be tested for cancer prevention properties in humans it will be necessary to take into account variable digestive tract microbiome metabolism in people so the dose can be optimized for each person thus avoiding toxicity. 
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
CXCL16
CXCL16 is a chemotactic cytokine belonging to the α-chemokine subfamily. It plays a significant role in the progression of cancer, as well as the course of atherosclerosis, renal fibrosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
ARID1B Gene
AT-rich interaction domain 1B
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
16p11.2 Duplication
16p11.2 duplication is a chromosomal change in which a small amount of genetic material within chromosome 16 is abnormally copied (duplicated). The duplication occurs near the middle of the chromosome at a location designated p11.2. This duplication can have a variety of effects. Common characteristics that occur in people with a 16p11.2 duplication include a low weight; a small head size (microcephaly); and developmental delay, especially in speech and language. Affected individuals also have an increased risk of behavioral problems. However, some people with the duplication have no identified physical or behavioral abnormalities.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Collagen VI-related Myopathy
Collagen VI-related myopathy is a group of disorders that affect skeletal muscles (which are the muscles used for movement) and connective tissue (which provides strength and flexibility to the skin, joints, and other structures throughout the body). Most affected individuals have muscle weakness and joint deformities called contractures that restrict movement of the affected joints and worsen over time. Researchers have described several forms of collagen VI-related myopathy, which range in severity: Bethlem myopathy is the mildest, an intermediate form is moderate in severity, and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy is the most severe.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TRIP13 Gene
Thyroid hormone receptor interactor 13: The TRIP13 gene provides instructions for making a protein that has several roles in cell division.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
HGPPS
Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) is a disorder that affects vision and also causes an abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis). People with this condition are unable to move their eyes side-to-side (horizontally). As a result, affected individuals must turn their head instead of moving their eyes to track moving objects. Up-and-down (vertical) eye movements are typically normal.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Feingold Syndrome
Feingold syndrome is a disorder that affects many parts of the body. There are two types of Feingold syndrome, distinguished by their genetic cause; both types have similar features that can vary among affected individuals.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Transcriptomes through mRNA Splicing
Human transcriptomes are more divergent than genes and contribute to the sophistication of life. This divergence is derived from various isoforms arising from alternative splicing. In addition, alternative splicing regulated by spliceosomal factors and RNA structures, such as the RNA G-quadruplex, is important not only for isoform diversity but also for regulating gene expression. Therefore, abnormal splicing leads to serious diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.We describe the regulation of divergent transcriptomes using alternative mRNA splicing.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
GAN Gene
Gigaxonin
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Familial TAAD
Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (familial TAAD) involves problems with the aorta, which is the large blood vessel that distributes blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Familial TAAD affects the upper part of the aorta, near the heart. This part of the aorta is called the thoracic aorta because it is located in the chest (thorax). Other vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body (arteries) can also be affected.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
BARD1 Mutations
A catalog of BARD1 germline mutations/pathogenic variants (PVs) identified in large cumulative cohorts of ~48,700 breast cancer (BC) and ~20,800 ovarian cancer (OC) cases prepared based on 123 studies published over 20 years of BARD1 gene screening. By comparing the frequency of BARD1 PVs in the cases and ~134,100 noncancer controls from the gnomAD database, the effect of the BARD1 PVs on BC and OC risks is estimated.  
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Jul 2020
Topic Review
PRNP Gene
Prion protein
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2021
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