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Topic Review
Impact of Communication on Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders
There are no communication protocols for patients who are diagnosed with Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs). Healthcare professionals must develop and practice communication skills throughout their training and practice, starting by incorporating specific training in the dental school curriculum. Due to the limitation in the time available in clinical settings, developing and making available an easily accessible and accurate web-based patient information sheet that could be recommended to an OPMD patient should be considered by professional bodies.
  • 545
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Salivary myeloperoxidase in Patients with Systemic Diseases
Salivary myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a key mediator of the oral immune system, acting as an enzyme that utilises H2O2 to generate molecules with high bactericidal activity. While MPO determination in plasma is quite common, the use of saliva is still rare.
  • 542
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of Sex Hormones in OSCC and Periodontitis
Sex hormones may also influence gingival microcirculation, thus impacting the spatial progression of periodontitis. The specific role of sex hormones in the onset and prognostic features of oral cancer must also be considered. 
  • 538
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Toxicity of Dentifrices
The regular use of adequate toothpaste with safe active ingredients possessing anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and regenerative properties is one of the most effective strategies for oral healthcare. In addition to water, a typical toothpaste consists of a variety of components, among which three are of predominant importance, i.e., abrasive substances, fluoride, and detergents. These ingredients provide healthy teeth, but their environmental impact on living organisms are often not well-known.
  • 538
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Dysregulated Phosphate Metabolism, Periodontal Disease, and Cancer
Phosphate, an essential dietary micronutrient, is dysregulated in chronic kidney disease, and both cancer and periodontal disease are associated with chronic kidney disease. Reviewed evidence includes the association between phosphate toxicity and cancer development, and the association between periodontal disease and chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder includes conditions such as ectopic calcification and bone resorption, which may be indirectly related to periodontal disease. Dental calculus in periodontal disease contains calcium phosphate crystals that are deposited from excess calcium and phosphate in saliva. Alveolar bone resorption may be linked systemically to release of parathyroid hormone in response to hypocalcemia induced by hyperphosphatemia. 
  • 530
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Association between T1DM and Periodontal Diseases
Gingivitis and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases that affect the supporting tissues of the teeth. Although induced by the presence of bacterial biofilms, other factor, such as tobacco smoking, drugs, and various systemic diseases, are known to influence their pathogenesis. Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases correspond to inflammatory diseases that have pathogenic mechanisms in common, with the involvement of pro-inflammatory mediators. There seems to be an association between periodontal disease (PD) and Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), and the prevalence and severity of PD was higher in DM1 patients when compared to healthy controls.
  • 525
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Digital Removable Dentures
Digital dentistry, an offspring of digital technology and robotics that emerged in the 1980s, has revolutionized various aspects of dental practice, including the creation of CDs. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques have been used for crafting CDs. The application of CAD/CAM methods in CD fabrication has attracted considerable attention, driving advancements in both design and production, promising quicker and higher-quality outcomes
  • 509
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immune Dysfunction in Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
The pathogenesis of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is multifactorial and there is a substantial consensus on the role of antiresorptive drugs (ARDs), including bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab (Dmab), as one of the main determinants. The time exposure, cumulative dose and administration intensity of these drugs are critical parameters to be considered in the treatment of patients, as cancer patients show the highest incidence of MRONJ. BPs and Dmab have distinct mechanisms of action on bone, but they also exert different effects on immune subsets which interact with bone cells, thus contributing to the onset of MRONJ.
  • 504
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Potential Mechanisms for Localization of Osteonecrosis
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) has emerged as a complication of anti-resorptive medications. Many factors have been explored as possible localizing factors, including dental trauma, especially surgical extraction, periodontitis, impaired gingival healing, changes in oral bacteria biofilm profile, and impaired innate immune response specific to the oral cavity.
  • 501
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Optimal Insertion Torque for Orthodontic Anchoring Screw Placement
Eleven original articles with orthodontic anchoring screws (OASs) placement in humans including insertion torque (IT) and success rate were selected and were used to evaluate the relationships among IT, success rates, screw design, and placement methods at different sites. The ITs and success rates ranged from 6.0 ± 3.2 to 15.7 ± 2.3 Ncm and from 62.5 to 100.0% in the upper and lower buccal alveolar areas, respectively. For the mid-palatal area, the range was 14.5 ± 1.6 to 25.6 ± 5.5 Ncm and 83.0 to 100.0%, respectively. ITs of 5–12 and 6–14 Ncm were found to be optimal for the commonly used φ1.5–1.7 mm OASs in the upper and lower interproximal areas, respectively. In the mid-palatal suture area, ITs of 11–16 and 20–25 Ncm were considered suitable for tapered φ1.5 mm and φ2.0 mm OASs, respectively. Although identified optimal IT ranges deserve the recommendations, care must be taken to monitor the IT during placement constantly.
  • 498
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Oncolytic Virotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a significant global health issue, and traditional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy often have limited success, especially in advanced cases. Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) offers a new approach.
  • 496
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hyaluronic Acid in Mitigating Perioral Region Aging
Aging can have a negative impact on the perioral region, affecting both appearance and self-esteem. Dentists offer various treatment options to address these changes, using surgical and non-surgical techniques. One such technique is facial filling with hyaluronic acid, a minimally invasive approach to improve the perioral region’s function and aesthetics and counteract aging effects. 
  • 481
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Children with Rare Nager Syndrome
Nager syndrome is a rare human developmental disorder characterized by craniofacial defects including the downward slanting of the palpebral fissures, cleft palate, limb deformities, mandibular hypoplasia, hypoplasia or absence of thumbs, microretrognathia, and ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint. The prevalence is very rare and the literature describes only about a hundred cases of Nager syndrome. 
  • 480
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of Chitosan Hydrogels in Clinical Dentistry
Biopolymers are organic polymers that can be treated into intricate designs with porous characteristics that mimic essential biologic components. Due to their superior biosafety, biodegradability, biocompatibility, etc., they have been utilized immensely in biomedical engineering, regeneration, and drug delivery. To obtain the greatest number of results, a literature search was undertaken in scientific search engines utilizing keywords. Chitosan is used in a variety of medical sectors, with the goal of emphasizing its applications and benefits in the clinical dental industry. Chitosan can be dissolved in liquid form and combined with other substances to create a variety of products, including fibers, hydrogels, membranes, microspheres, resins, sponges, pastes, tablets, and micro granules. Chitosan has been studied in a variety of dental applications. Chitosan is used in the prevention of caries and wear, in pulpotomy to accelerate osteogenesis in guided tissue regeneration due to its hemostatic property, and primarily to benefit from its antimicrobial activity by adding it to materials, such as glass ionomer cement, calcium hydroxide, and adhesive systems. With its antibacterial activity and biocompatibility, chitosan is leading the pack as a promising ingredient in the production of dental materials. 
  • 438
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Postoperative Facial Swelling and Occlusion in Orthognathic Treatment
Orthognathic surgery (OS) is usually performed to improve functional and esthetic parameters by repositioning the maxilla, mandible and/or the symphysis, particularly among patients that have either passed the pubertal growth spurt or may be unsuitable for orthodontic camouflage. 
  • 437
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Potential Immunohistochemical Biomarkers for Grading Oral Dysplasia
Oral cancer is becoming more and more frequent worldwide. Despite the widely available prevention, it is one of the most common cancers in the world, with 476,125 new cases and 225,900 deaths in 2020. Among the causes of carcinogenesis in the oral cavity, tobacco smoking or chewing, alcohol consumption, occupational exposure, risky sexual behaviour, genetic factors, and environmental pollution are widely mentioned. Smoking is the most prominent risk factor for oral cancer due to the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke, including nitrosamines, benzopyrenes, and aromatic amines. The risk of oral cancer is three times higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. In addition, the combination of cigarette smoking and frequent heavy alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing cancer by several times.
  • 437
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Oral Manifestations of Graft vs. Host Disease
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). GVHD may also develop following solid transplants or blood transfusions if white blood cells are transferred. GVHD affects multiple organs, including the oral tissues. 
  • 400
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Surface Electromyography in Dentistry
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a technique for measuring and analyzing the electrical signals of muscle activity using electrodes placed on the skin’s surface.
  • 391
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Flawless Smile: Harmonizing Depigmentation and Frenectomy
People increasingly seek dental treatment to improve their smile's aesthetics. A common concern is a hyperpigmented gingiva and high frenum attachment. Gingival recession can result from high frenum attachment, either by interfering with the toothbrush's correct positioning or by causing a muscular pull through the opening of gingival crevice. We present a case of a young patient concerned with the presence of hyperpigmented gingiva. On intraoral examination high frenal attachment was also observed. After providing the patient all the available treatment options and their advantages and disadvantages respectively, patient decided to opt for conventional surgical scalpel method for depigmentation as well as frenectomy. Patient was recalled for periodontal dressing removal after 1 week and follow up was performed at 6 months.
  • 295
  • 11 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Innovative Treatment of Melnick-Needles Syndrome
The authors would like to present the reconstructive treatment of facial skeleton defects resulting from genetic abnormalities in the course of Melnick-Needles syndrome. Maxillomandibular osteotomy assisted by the use of individually designed mandibular ramus distractors was performed. The achieved treatment results, both functional and aesthetic were very good. The authors emphasize that such a method of improving the facial features and restoring the correct arrangement of the jawbones has not been performed so far.
  • 268
  • 28 Aug 2025
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