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Topic Review
Role of Dynamical Network Biomarkers Theory in Aging
Aging is the slowest process in a living organism. During this process, mortality rate increases exponentially due to the accumulation of damage at the cellular level. Cellular senescence is a well-established hallmark of aging, as well as a promising target for preventing aging and age-related diseases. Given that the appearance of senescent cells is considered to be a cell fate transition from the proliferative state to the non-proliferative state, similar to the critical transitions that occur during cell differentiation and symptom onset, it can be detectable by the dynamical network biomarkers (DNB) theory, which detects early warning signals just before bifurcation points, such as “the pre-disease state”.
  • 248
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Non-Enzymatic Modification of Aminophospholipids by Carbonyl-Amine Reactions
Non-enzymatic modification of aminophospholipids by lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes and reducing sugars through carbonyl-amine reactions are thought to contribute to the age-related deterioration of cellular membranes and to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Much evidence demonstrates the modification of aminophospholipids by glycation, glycoxidation and lipoxidation reactions. Therefore, a number of early and advanced Maillard reaction-lipid products have been detected and quantified in different biological membranes. These modifications may be accumulated during aging and diabetes, introducing changes in cell membrane physico-chemical and biological properties.
  • 247
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
L-Arginine Metabolism in Cancer
L-Arginine plays a crucial role in detoxification of ammonia—a protein breakdown product acts as a secretagogue and serves as a substrate for the synthesis of NO, an important signaling molecule that regulates vascular tone and cytotoxic functions of macrophages. L-Arg is also a precursor in the synthesis of L-ornithine and agmatine, creatine and polyamines. Metabolism of L-Arg is involved in immune cell regulation. It is now clear that L-Arg metabolism is engaged in the pathogenesis of tumor growth, inflammation, infectious diseases, and fibrotic processes, as well as physiological immunodeficiencies in newborns and pregnant women. 
  • 238
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Sensory Nerves in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a disease in which the lungs become scarred over time. It can result from occupational exposure, genetic defects, acute lung injury, or idiopathic causes. Sensory nerves are responsible for detecting harmful airborne stimuli and provide input to a variety of cells within the lungs, including airways and blood vessels. They play a critical role in regulating cardiopulmonary functions and maintaining homeostasis in healthy lungs. This review discusses the various effects of sensory nerve signaling in the setting of pulmonary fibrosis.
  • 234
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Circadian Rhythms and Sleep, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders
Circadian rhythms are generated by the circadian clock, a self-sustained internal timing system that exhibits 24-h rhythms in the body. Many metabolic, cellular, behavioral and physiological processes are regulated by the circadian clock in coordination with environmental cues. 
  • 228
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Novel Biomarkers of Bone Metabolism
Bone represents a metabolically active tissue subject to continuous remodeling orchestrated by the dynamic interplay between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. These cellular processes are modulated by a complex interplay of biochemical and mechanical factors, which are instrumental in assessing bone remodeling. This comprehensive evaluation aids in detecting disorders arising from imbalances between bone formation and reabsorption. Osteoporosis, characterized by a reduction in bone mass and strength leading to heightened bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures, is one of the more prevalent chronic diseases. Some epidemiological studies, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), have identified an association between osteoporosis and vascular calcification. Notably, low bone mineral density has been linked to an increased incidence of aortic calcification, with shared molecules, mechanisms, and pathways between the two processes. Certain molecules emerging from these shared pathways can serve as biomarkers for bone and mineral metabolism. Detecting and evaluating these alterations early is crucial, requiring the identification of biomarkers that are reliable for early intervention. While traditional biomarkers for bone remodeling and vascular calcification exist, they suffer from limitations such as low specificity, low sensitivity, and conflicting results across studies. In response, efforts are underway to explore new, more specific biomarkers that can detect alterations at earlier stages. 
  • 227
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Genome Editing in Treating Cardiac Arrhythmias
Despite advances in screening and preventative treatments, the estimated lifetime risk for premature death due to arrhythmogenic sudden cardiac death remains high. A growing understanding of the genetics underlying cardiac arrhythmias has enabled new treatment possibilities including the use of cardiac genome editing.
  • 221
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Signaling Pathways in Hypothalamic Neurons with Aging
The hypothalamus is an important regulator of autonomic and endocrine functions also involved in aging regulation. The aging process in the hypothalamus is accompanied by disturbed intracellular signaling including insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/growth hormone (GH), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB), and nitric oxide (NO). 
  • 216
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Central Autonomic Mechanisms in Laryngeal Activity and Vocalization
In humans, speech is a complex process that requires the coordinated involvement of various components of the phonatory system, which are monitored by the central nervous system. The larynx in particular plays a crucial role, as it enables the vocal folds to meet and converts the exhaled air from our lungs into audible sounds. Voice production requires precise and sustained exhalation, which generates an air pressure/flow that creates the pressure in the glottis required for voice production. Voluntary vocal production begins in the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC), a structure found in all mammals, although the specific location in the cortex varies in humans. The LMC interfaces with various structures of the central autonomic network associated with cardiorespiratory regulation to allow the perfect coordination between breathing and vocalization. The main subcortical structure involved in this relationship is the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey matter (PAG). The PAG is the perfect link to the autonomic pontomedullary structures such as the parabrachial complex (PBc), the Kölliker–Fuse nucleus (KF), the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and the nucleus retroambiguus (nRA), which modulate cardiovascular autonomic function activity in the vasomotor centers and respiratory activity at the level of the generators of the laryngeal-respiratory motor patterns that are essential for vocalization. 
  • 206
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of High Altitude Illnesses
High-altitude illnesses (HAIs) result from acute exposure to high altitude/hypoxia. Numerous molecular mechanisms effect appropriate acclimatization to hypobaric and/or normobaric hypoxia and curtail the development of HAIs.
  • 205
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming and TME Remodeling inMetastasis
It is increasingly recognized that the complex heterogeneous nature of the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in the evolution and progression of cancer. The communication between matrix cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), via extracellular vesicles, serves as an essential mediator for the development, recurrence, and metastatic dissemination of several cancer types. The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) within the tumor microenvironment appears to be multifaceted and bidirectional as the initial release of EVs from cancer cells leads to the recruitment and activation of stromal cells, which includes cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), cancer-associated endothelial cells (CAEC), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). As tumor growth progresses, evidence suggests that EVs released from surrounding stromal cells drive the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells, and thus their progression to more metastatic phenotypes. Complementarily, as the release of EVs is enhanced during tumor growth, for certain tumors it allows their widespread diffusion and provides them with the potential to establish the pre-metastatic niche, which is necessary for the successful dissemination, colonization, and expansion of these cells to distant organ sites.
  • 180
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery with Photobiomodulation
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant global health challenge, lacking effective pharmacological treatments. This shortcoming is attributable to TBI's heterogenous and complex pathophysiology. Photobiomodulation (PBM), which employs specific red to near infrared light wavelengths to modulate brain functions, may be a promising therapy to address TBI's complex pathophysiology in a single intervention. PBM's potential for success could be further fulfilled by optimizing the parameters such as pulse frequencies. 
  • 177
  • 28 Feb 2024
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