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Topic Review
Cryptosporidium and Colon Cancer
The number of cancers attributable to infectious agents represents over 20% of the global cancer burden. The intracellular parasite Cryptosporidium is currently considered one of the major causes of mild and severe diarrhea worldwide. However, less attention has been paid to its tumorigenic potential despite  the high exposure of humans and animals to this ubiquitous parasite and the large number of epidemiological and experimental studies revealing the link between cancer and the presence of this parasite. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Dec 2020
Topic Review
WNT Signalling in Dental Pathologies
Great efforts have been made over the past decades to discover new therapeutic targets for a big variety of human pathologies. Most of the studies dealing with severe pathological conditions such as cancers and tissue malformations are focused on the role of either widely recognized master controlling genes such as ras and myc or pivotal components of key signalling pathways, among which Wnt and Notch. However, these genes and molecules are fundamental for paired embryogenesis as well as for tissue and organ homeostasis and regeneration, where they regulate cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis. The precise timing and localization of their activation are important to ensure the appropriate cellular functions in physiological conditions. Thus, their indiscriminate targeting is not desirable, due to both the high risk of severe side effects and the certainty of broad phenotypic consequences. On the contrary, optimal therapeutic targets should be selected based on their tissue, time and pathology specific roles. Here, we suggest a paradigmatic example of such target molecules that could be represented by the Wnt/b-catenin signalling components Bcl9 and Bcl9l. 
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Polymeric Micelles for Anticancer Hydrophobic Drugs
Cancer has become one of the deadliest diseases in our society. Surgery accompanied by subsequent chemotherapy is the treatment most used to prolong or save the patient’s life. Still, it carries secondary risks such as infections and thrombosis and causes cytotoxic effects in healthy tissues. Using nanocarriers such as smart polymer micelles is a promising alternative to avoid or minimize these problems. These nanostructured systems will be able to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs through modified copolymers with various functional groups such as carboxyls, amines, hydroxyls, etc.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Antibody–Drug Conjugates Approved in Breast Cancer
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), with antibodies targeted against specific antigens linked to cytotoxic payloads, offer the opportunity for a more specific delivery of chemotherapy and other bioactive payloads to minimize side effects. First approved in the setting of HER2+ breast cancer, more recent ADCs have been developed for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
SWI/SNF Inactivation in Disease
Mammalian SWI/SNF (SWitch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable) complexes are ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers. Many SWI/SNF members, such as ARID1A and SMARCA4, have emerged among the most frequently mutated genes in certain diseases, especially cancer. Overall, the SWI/SNF complex is the most mutated chromatin remodeling complex across multiple cancers, highlighting its central role in tumorigenesis.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
CD73
Regulatory networks controlling cellular plasticity, important during early development, can re-emerge after tissue injury and premalignant transformation. One such regulatory molecule is the cell surface ectoenzyme ecto-5′-nucleotidase that hydrolyzes the conversion of extracellular adenosine monophosphate to adenosine (eADO). Ecto-5′-nucleotidase (NT5E) or cluster of differentiation 73 (CD73), is an enzyme that is encoded by NT5E in humans. In normal tissue, CD73-mediated generation of eADO has important pleiotropic functions ranging from the promotion of cell growth and survival, to potent immunosuppression mediated through purinergic G protein-coupled adenosine receptors. Importantly, tumors also utilize several mechanisms mediated by CD73 to resist therapeutics and in particular, evade the host immune system, leading to undesired resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Tumor cell CD73 upregulation is associated with worse clinical outcomes in a variety of cancers. Emerging evidence indicates a link between tumor cell stemness with a limited host anti-tumor immune response.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Genetic and Molecular Basis of Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL disease or VHL syndrome) is a familial multisystem neoplastic disorder, stemming from germline disease-associated variants of the VHL tumor suppressor gene. VHL protein is involved in oxygen sensing and adaptive response to hypoxia through the EPO-VHL-HIF signaling axis. In recent years, numerous HIF-independent pathways of VHL have been identified, expanding the role of VHL throughout several cellular processes. In addition to VHL syndrome-associated tumors, VHL variations have also been associated with the development of eythrocytosis. Research indicated that there is a distinction between erythrocytosis-causing VHL variations and VHL variations causing VHL disease with tumor development. Therefore, elucidating the molecular background of the pathogenic effects of VHL variants could help determine the best approach to VHL disease management.  
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
LOXL2 Inhibitors and Breast Cancer Progression
LOX (lysyl oxidase) and lysyl oxidase like-1–4 (LOXL 1–4) are amine oxidases, which catalyze cross-linking reactions of elastin and collagen in the connective tissue. These amine oxidases also allow the cross-link of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix of tumors, facilitating the process of cell migration and the formation of metastases. LOXL2 is of particular interest in cancer biology as it is highly expressed in some tumors. This protein also promotes oncogenic transformation and affects the proliferation of breast cancer cells. LOX and LOXL2 inhibition have thus been suggested as a promising strategy to prevent metastasis and invasion of breast cancer. BAPN (β-aminopropionitrile) was the first compound described as a LOX inhibitor and was obtained from a natural source.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity
Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent with proven efficacy in treating various malignancies, including testicular, ovarian, cervical, breast, bladder, head and neck, and lung cancer. Cisplatin is also used to treat tumors in children, such as neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and hepatoblastoma.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
The apoptosis machinery is a promising target against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) modulate apoptosis by direct inhibition of caspases. Serenoa Repens (SeR) may be combined with other natural compounds such as Lycopene (Ly) and Selenium (Se) to maximize its therapeutic activity in BPH. We investigated the effects of SeR, Se and Ly, alone or in association, on the expression of four IAPs, cIAP-1, cIAP-2, NAIP and survivin in rats with experimental testosterone-dependent BPH. Moreover, caspase-3, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have been evaluated. Rats were administered, daily, with testosterone propionate (3 mg/kg/sc) or its vehicle for 14 days. Testosterone injected animals (BPH) were randomized to receive vehicle, SeR (25 mg/kg/sc), Se (3 mg/kg/sc), Ly (1 mg/kg/sc) or the SeR-Se-Ly association for 14 days. Animals were sacrificed and prostate removed for analysis. BPH animals treated with vehicle showed unchanged expression of cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 and increased expression of NAIP, survivin, caspase-3, IL-6 and PSMA levels when compared with sham animals. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed the enhanced expression of NAIP and survivin with a characteristic pattern of cellular localization. SeR-Se-Ly association showed the highest efficacy in reawakening apoptosis; additionally, this therapeutic cocktail significantly reduced IL-6 and PSMA levels. The administration of SeR, Se and Ly significantly blunted prostate overweight and growth; moreover, the SeR-Se-Ly association was most effective in reducing prostate enlargement and growth by 43.3% in treated animals. The results indicate that IAPs may represent interesting targets for drug therapy of BPH.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Microbiome and Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors due to the absence of biomarkers for early-stage detection and poor response to therapy.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
Pro-inflammatory cytokines released from tumor cells or stromal cells act in both autocrine and paracrine manners to induce phenotype changes in tumor cells, recruit bone marrow-derived cells, and form an inflammatory milieu, all of which prime a secondary organ’s microenvironment for metastatic cell colonization.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Adaptive Immune Landscape of Colorectal Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence
The tumor immune microenvironment exerts a pivotal influence in tumor initiation and progression.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Perilipin 5 in NAFLD
Perilipins are a family of five closely related proteins expressed on the surface of lipid droplets (LD) in several tissues acting in several pathways involved in lipid metabolism. Recent studies have shown that Plin5 depletion acts protectively in the pathogenesis of liver injury underpinning the importance of pathways associated with PLIN5. PLIN5 expression is involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation and mitochondrial damage, as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, making it critical target of the NAFLD-HCC studies. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Alkaloids and Their General Applications
Alkaloids are organic chemical compounds with a cyclic ring structure containing one or more basic nitrogen atoms. They are widely distributed in nature and are found as naturally occurring secondary metabolites in both plants and animals.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
FGFR3-TACCs3 Fusions in Human Glioblastoma
Glioma are the most frequent malignant primary CNS tumors in adults, with an incidence of 5–6 per 100,000 per year, with glioblastoma (with 3.2 per 100,000 per year) being the largest subgroup. The current therapy for glioblastoma is resection followed by radiochemotherapy and their prognosis is always fatal.Oncogenic fusion genes emerged as successful targets in several malignancies, such as chronic myeloic leukemia or lung cancer. Fusion of the fibroblast growth receptor 3 and the transforming acidic coiled coil containing protein – FGFR3-TACC3-fusion is prevalent in 3-4% of human glioblastoma. The fusion protein leads to constitutively activated kinase signaling of FGFR3 and thereby promotes cell proliferation and tumour progression. An overview on clinical and histomolecular features of FGFR3-TACC3-fusion positive glioblastoma is described and the cellular fuction of the fusion protein in glioblastoma cells is highlighted.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Physiochemical Properties
Zinc oxide nanomaterials have been the cynosure of this decade because of their immense potential in different biomedical applications. It includes their usage in the prognosis and treatment of different infectious and cellular diseases, owing to their peculiar physiochemical properties such as variable shape, size, and surface charge etc. Increasing demand and usage of the ZnO nanomaterials raise concerns about their cellular and molecular toxicity and their biocompatibility with human cells.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Clonal Hematopoiesis in Liquid Biopsy
       Clonal hematopoiesis (CH), a process that involves the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells which leads to clonal expansion of mutations in blood cells, may account for the non-tumor derived mutations detected from plasma. These CH mutations may act as a biological noise to cfDNA analysis and complicate the interpretation of mutations detected from liquid biopsy.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and COVID-19
he Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in challenges to cancer management, exacerbated by limited clinical resources and caution in preventing COVID-19 transmission between patients and healthcare professionals. The neglect of breast cancer (in particular, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)) patients during the outbreak could negatively impact their overall survival, as delays in treatment and consultations provide vital time for tumor progression and metastasis. Herein, we review the shifting clinical management of TNBCs during the COVID-19 outbreak. The suggested treatment recommendations can hopefully minimize virus exposure without sacrificing patient care during times when healthcare systems are overburdened. Further, we review published RNA-seq data to assess the theoretical infectability of metastatic TNBCs to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. 
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
MMR in Head&Neck Carcinogenesis
The dysfunction of the mismatch repair system, an important mechanism for the detection and correction of DNA replication mistakes, may often lead to instability in the length of specific genetic sequences, known as microsatellites, and to the accumulation of mutations. Microsatellite instability is a well-known risk factor for the development of colorectal cancers and other types of tumors but is also considered a positive predictor of the immunotherapy response. Malignancies harboring such a specific genomic instability are very immunogenic because of the great number of aberrant antigens they produce. Therapies based on the blockade of specific immune checkpoints have shown to induce an effective immune response against microsatellite-unstable cancer. Many studies proved that microsatellite instability has a decisive role in the carcinogenesis and the malignant progression of head and neck cancer and, in the near future, it may become a useful tool in tailoring immunotherapy also in this field of precision oncology.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Dec 2020
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