Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Epigenetics and pancreatic cancer progression
Due to the lack of diagnostic biomarkers and high resistance to treatment, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the most lethal solid tumors with poor survival. Moreover, the metastatic potential of PDAC is extremely high and tumors spread mainly through lymphatic and blood vessels. Although genetic modifications are well defined in PDAC, the role of epigenetics regulations, which secure dynamic response to environmental stimuli, has only recently been recognized. Epigenomic studies revealed that epigenetic changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes were associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is responsible for the invasive phenotype of cancer cells and therefore, their metastatic potential. 
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Decellularized Colorectal Cancer Matrices as Bioactive Scaffolds
More than a physical structure providing support to tissues, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and dynamic network of macromolecules that modulates the behavior of both cancer cells and associated stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Over the last few years, several efforts have been made to develop new models that accurately mimic the interconnections within the TME and specifically the biomechanical and biomolecular complexity of the tumor ECM. Particularly in colorectal cancer, the ECM is highly remodeled and disorganized and constitutes a key component that affects cancer hallmarks, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Therefore, several scaffolds produced from natural and/or synthetic polymers and ceramics have been used in 3D biomimetic strategies for colorectal cancer research. Nevertheless, decellularized ECM from colorectal tumors is a unique model that offers the maintenance of native ECM architecture and molecular composition.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D arrests cell cycling
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone crucial for bone mineral metabolism. In addition, vitamin D has pleiotropic actions in the body, including anti-cancer actions. These anti-cancer properties observed within in vitro studies frequently report the reduction of cell proliferation by direct alteration of cell cycle regulators which induce cell cycle arrest. The most recurrent reported mode of cell cycle arrest by vitamin D is at the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. This arrest is mediated by p21 and p27 upregulation, which results in suppression of cyclin D and E activity which leads to G1/G0 arrest. In addition, vitamin D treatments within in vitro cell lines have observed a reduced C-MYC expression and increased retinoblastoma protein levels that also result in G1/G0 arrest.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Spermine in Prostate Cancer
Spermine, a member of polyamines, exists in all organisms and is essential for normal cell growth and function. It is highly expressed in the prostate compared with other organs and is detectable in urine, tissue, expressed prostatic secretions, and erythrocyte. A significant reduction of spermine level was observed in prostate cancer (PCa) tissue compared with benign prostate tissue, and the level of urinary spermine was also significantly lower in men with PCa. Decreased spermine level may be used as an indicator of malignant phenotype transformation from normal to malignant tissue in prostate.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Microfluidic Device in Anti-Cancer Drug Screening
Having its root lying in microelectronics, microfluidics seems to hold great potential to explore people's limited knowledge in the field of oncology. It offers numerous advantages such as a low sample volume, minimal cost, parallelization, and portability and has been advanced in the field of molecular biology and chemical synthesis. The platform has been proved to be valuable in cancer research, especially for diagnostics and prognosis purposes and has been successfully employed in recent years. Organ-on-a-chip, a biomimetic microfluidic platform, simulating the complexity of a human organ, has emerged as a breakthrough in cancer research as it provides a dynamic platform to simulate tumor growth and progression in a chip.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Clonal Hematopoiesis in Liquid Biopsy
       Clonal hematopoiesis (CH), a process that involves the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells which leads to clonal expansion of mutations in blood cells, may account for the non-tumor derived mutations detected from plasma. These CH mutations may act as a biological noise to cfDNA analysis and complicate the interpretation of mutations detected from liquid biopsy.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Aug 2020
Topic Review
LOXL2 Inhibitors and Breast Cancer Progression
LOX (lysyl oxidase) and lysyl oxidase like-1–4 (LOXL 1–4) are amine oxidases, which catalyze cross-linking reactions of elastin and collagen in the connective tissue. These amine oxidases also allow the cross-link of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix of tumors, facilitating the process of cell migration and the formation of metastases. LOXL2 is of particular interest in cancer biology as it is highly expressed in some tumors. This protein also promotes oncogenic transformation and affects the proliferation of breast cancer cells. LOX and LOXL2 inhibition have thus been suggested as a promising strategy to prevent metastasis and invasion of breast cancer. BAPN (β-aminopropionitrile) was the first compound described as a LOX inhibitor and was obtained from a natural source.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Microfluidic Systems and Breast Cancer Metastasis
Microfluidic devices are useful tools in studying biological phenomena involving fluid flow, thin tissue culture, and cell mobility; each of these aspects make microfluidic techniques attractive for studying human breast cancer, which is the most commonly occurring cancer in women and the second most common cancer overall worldwide.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Syndecans and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a fatal disease with poor prognosis because pa-tients rarely express symptoms in initial stages, which prevents early detection and diagnosis. Syndecans, a subfamily of proteoglycans, are involved in many physiological processes includ-ing cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Syndecans are physiologically found in many cell types and their interactions with other macromolecules enhance many pathways. In particu-lar, extracellular matrix components, growth factors, and integrins collect the majority of syndecans associations acting as biochemical, physical, and mechanical transducers. Syndecans are transmembrane glycoproteins, but occasionally their extracellular domain can be released from the cell surface by the action of matrix metalloproteinases, converting them into soluble molecules that are capable of binding distant molecules such as extracellular matrix (ECM) components, growth factor receptors, and integrins from other cells.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Small molecules intervene tumor metastasis
Metastasis represents the most lethal attribute of cancer and critically limits successful therapies in many tumor entities. The clinical need is defined by the fact that all cancer patients, who have or who will develop distant metastasis, will experience shorter survival. Thus, the ultimate goal in cancer therapy is the restriction of solid cancer metastasis by novel molecularly targeted small molecule based therapies. Biomarkers identifying cancer patients at high risk for metastasis and simultaneously acting as key drivers for metastasis are extremely desired. Clinical interventions targeting these key molecules will result in high efficiency in metastasis intervention. In result of this, personalized tailored interventions for restriction and prevention of cancer progression and metastasis will improve patient survival.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma
The World Health Organization (WHO) classified gastric cancer into tubular, papillary, mucinous, poorly cohesive (including Lauren diffuse type), and mixed variants. 
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Physiochemical Properties
Zinc oxide nanomaterials have been the cynosure of this decade because of their immense potential in different biomedical applications. It includes their usage in the prognosis and treatment of different infectious and cellular diseases, owing to their peculiar physiochemical properties such as variable shape, size, and surface charge etc. Increasing demand and usage of the ZnO nanomaterials raise concerns about their cellular and molecular toxicity and their biocompatibility with human cells.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
CD73
Regulatory networks controlling cellular plasticity, important during early development, can re-emerge after tissue injury and premalignant transformation. One such regulatory molecule is the cell surface ectoenzyme ecto-5′-nucleotidase that hydrolyzes the conversion of extracellular adenosine monophosphate to adenosine (eADO). Ecto-5′-nucleotidase (NT5E) or cluster of differentiation 73 (CD73), is an enzyme that is encoded by NT5E in humans. In normal tissue, CD73-mediated generation of eADO has important pleiotropic functions ranging from the promotion of cell growth and survival, to potent immunosuppression mediated through purinergic G protein-coupled adenosine receptors. Importantly, tumors also utilize several mechanisms mediated by CD73 to resist therapeutics and in particular, evade the host immune system, leading to undesired resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Tumor cell CD73 upregulation is associated with worse clinical outcomes in a variety of cancers. Emerging evidence indicates a link between tumor cell stemness with a limited host anti-tumor immune response.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Electric Fields for Cancers Treatment
The biological impact of exogenous, alternating electric fields (AEFs) and direct-current electric fields has a long history of study, ranging from effects on embryonic development to influences on wound healing. Tumor treating fields (TTFields) is a form of alternating electric fields (AEF) therapy that is delivered to the tumor via electrodes placed on the skin.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cryptosporidium and Colon Cancer
The number of cancers attributable to infectious agents represents over 20% of the global cancer burden. The intracellular parasite Cryptosporidium is currently considered one of the major causes of mild and severe diarrhea worldwide. However, less attention has been paid to its tumorigenic potential despite  the high exposure of humans and animals to this ubiquitous parasite and the large number of epidemiological and experimental studies revealing the link between cancer and the presence of this parasite. 
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Antibody–Drug Conjugates Approved in Breast Cancer
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), with antibodies targeted against specific antigens linked to cytotoxic payloads, offer the opportunity for a more specific delivery of chemotherapy and other bioactive payloads to minimize side effects. First approved in the setting of HER2+ breast cancer, more recent ADCs have been developed for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
Pro-inflammatory cytokines released from tumor cells or stromal cells act in both autocrine and paracrine manners to induce phenotype changes in tumor cells, recruit bone marrow-derived cells, and form an inflammatory milieu, all of which prime a secondary organ’s microenvironment for metastatic cell colonization.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Perilipin 5 in NAFLD
Perilipins are a family of five closely related proteins expressed on the surface of lipid droplets (LD) in several tissues acting in several pathways involved in lipid metabolism. Recent studies have shown that Plin5 depletion acts protectively in the pathogenesis of liver injury underpinning the importance of pathways associated with PLIN5. PLIN5 expression is involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation and mitochondrial damage, as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, making it critical target of the NAFLD-HCC studies. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Uncovering the Tumor Antigen Landscape
According to the latest available data, cancer is the second leading cause of death, highlighting the need for novel cancer therapeutic approaches. In this context, immunotherapy is emerging as a reliable first-line treatment for many cancers, particularly metastatic melanoma. Indeed, cancer immunotherapy has attracted great interest following the recent clinical approval of antibodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, that release the brakes of the immune system, thus reviving a field otherwise poorly explored. Cancer immunotherapy mainly relies on the generation and stimulation of cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes (CTLs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME), priming T cells and establishing efficient and durable anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, there is a clear need to define and identify immunogenic T cell epitopes to use in therapeutic cancer vaccines. Naturally presented antigens in the human leucocyte antigen-1 (HLA-I) complex on the tumor surface are the main protagonists in evocating a specific anti-tumor CD8+ T cell response. However, the methodologies for their identification have been a major bottleneck for their reliable characterization. Consequently, the field of antigen discovery has yet to improve.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
SWI/SNF Inactivation in Disease
Mammalian SWI/SNF (SWitch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable) complexes are ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers. Many SWI/SNF members, such as ARID1A and SMARCA4, have emerged among the most frequently mutated genes in certain diseases, especially cancer. Overall, the SWI/SNF complex is the most mutated chromatin remodeling complex across multiple cancers, highlighting its central role in tumorigenesis.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Apr 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 129
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback