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Topic Review
Ratooning
Ratooning is the agricultural practice of harvesting a monocot crop by cutting most of the above-ground portion but leaving the roots and the growing shoot apices intact so as to allow the plants to recover and produce a fresh crop in the next season. This practice is widely used in the cultivation of crops such as rice, sugarcane, banana, and pineapple. Ratoon crops cannot be perennially renewed, and may be harvested only for a few seasons, as a decline in yield tends to occur due to increased crowding, damage by pests and diseases, and decreasing soil fertility.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Workflow of Materials Machine Learning for Perovskite Materials
Perovskite materials have been one of the most important research objects in materials science due to their excellent photoelectric properties as well as correspondingly complex structures. Machine learning (ML) methods have been playing an important role in the design and discovery of perovskite materials, while feature selection as a dimensionality reduction method has occupied a crucial position in the ML workflow.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Precipitates on Hot Ductility of Steels
Hot ductility of high-strength microalloyed steel is of great importance since it affects cracking during metal production. This characteristic is controlled by the presence of phase precipitates of microalloying elements depending on the chemical composition and parameters of temperature-deformation treatment of steel.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pyrolytic Conversion of Plastic Waste
Plastic production has been rapidly growing across the world and, at the end of their use, many of the plastic products become waste disposed of in landfills or dispersed, causing serious environmental and health issues. From a sustainability point of view, the conversion of plastic waste to fuels or, better yet, to individual monomers, leads to a much greener waste management compared to landfill disposal. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
MAb114
mAb114 is a monoclonal antibody that is being evaluated as a treatment for Ebola virus disease. Its discovery was led by the laboratory of Nancy Sullivan at the United States National Institute of Health Vaccine Research Center and J. J. Muyembe-Tamfum from the Institut National pour la Recherche Biomedicale (INRB) in the Democratic Republic of Congo, working in collaboration with the Institute of Biomedical Research and the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. mAb114 was isolated from the blood of a survivor of the 1995 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo roughly ten years later. In early 2018, a Phase 1 clinical trial of mAb114 was conducted by Martin Gaudinski within the Vaccine Research Center Clinical Trials Program that is led by Julie E. Ledgerwood. mAb114 is also being evaluated during the 2018 North Kivu Ebola outbreak. mAb114 has also shown success with lowering the mortality rate from ~70% to about 34%. In August 2019, Congolese health authorities, the World Health Organization, and the U.S. National Institutes of Health promoted the use of mAb114, alongside REGN-EB3, a similar Regeneron-produced monoclonal antibody treatment, over other treatments yielding higher mortality rates, after ending clinical trials during the outbreak.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cadmium Poisoning
Cadmium is a naturally occurring toxic metal with common exposure in industrial workplaces, plant soils, and from smoking. Due to its low permissible exposure in humans, overexposure may occur even in situations where trace quantities of cadmium are found. Cadmium is used extensively in electroplating, although the nature of the operation does not generally lead to overexposure. Cadmium is also found in some industrial paints and may represent a hazard when sprayed. Operations involving removal of cadmium paints by scraping or blasting may pose a significant hazard. The primary use of cadmium is in the manufacturing of NiCd rechargeable batteries. The primary source for cadmium is as a byproduct of refining zinc metal. Exposures to cadmium are addressed in specific standards for the general industry, shipyard employment, the construction industry, and the agricultural industry.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Multifunctional Raman Crystals
In the past few decades, the multifunctional optical crystals for all-solid-state Raman lasers have been widely studied by many scholars due to their compactness, convenience and excellent performance. In this entry, we briefly show two kinds of multifunctional Raman crystals: self-Raman (laser and Raman effects) crystals and self-frequency-doubled Raman (frequency-doubling and Raman effects) crystals. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Particle Coatings on Magnetorheological Materials
Magnetorheological (MR) material is a type of magneto-sensitive smart materials which consists of magnetizable particles dispersed in a carrier medium. Throughout the years, coating on the surface of the magnetic particles has been developed by researchers to enhance the performance of MR materials, which include the improvement of sedimentation stability, enhancement of the interaction between the particles and matrix mediums, and improving rheological properties as well as providing extra protection against oxidative environments. There are a few coating methods that have been employed to graft the coating layer on the surface of the magnetic particles, such as atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), chemical oxidative polymerization, and dispersion polymerization.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Multivariate Analysis
Multivariate analysis (MA) is becoming a fundamental tool for processing in an efficient way the large amount of data collected in X-ray diffraction experiments. Multi-wedge data collections can increase the data quality in case of tiny protein crystals; in situ or operando setups allow investi-gating changes on powder samples occurring during repeated fast measurements; pump and probe experiments at X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) sources supply structural characterization of fast photo-excitation processes. In all these cases, MA can facilitate the extraction of relevant in-formation hidden in data, disclosing the possibility of automatic data processing even in absence of a priori structural knowledge.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Aviptadil
Aviptadil is an injectable synthetic formulation of human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP was discovered in 1970, and has been used to treat various inflammatory conditions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Metamaterial Perfect Absorbers for Controlling Bandwidth
Metamaterial absorbers have garnered significant interest due to their unique electromagnetic properties, which facilitate the efficient absorption of electromagnetic radiation in a specific frequency range or multiple frequency ranges. The metamaterial absorbers are designed based on artificially engineered structures that enable tailored absorption properties. These structures might include multiple resonances or incorporate electrical resistive components to achieve broadband absorption.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
COVID 19 MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
In this approach we will summarise the the last three publications highlighting the key mathematical approach like Exponential F ( x ) to further exponential –Gaussian F ( x ) and finally the Linear Combination of Atomic Orbital ( LCAO ) ie a hybridised SP orbital overlapping to Remdesivir ( Drug ) –Covid19 approach. .Sigmoid Statistics or Logistics regression is a method to applied to Infection fatality rate ( IFR ) the most important epidemological parameters is also under consideration .
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Iron(II) Mediated Supramolecular Architectures
Supramolecular architectures, which are formed through the combination of inorganic metal cations and organic ligands by self-assembly, are one of the techniques in modern chemical science. This kind of multi-nuclear system in various dimensionalities can be implemented in various applications such as sensing, storage/cargo, display and molecular switching. Iron(II) mediated spin-crossover (SCO) supramolecular architectures with Schiff bases have attracted the attention of many investigators due to their structural novelty as well as their potential application possibilities.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault
Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a sexual assault (rape or otherwise) carried out on a person after the person has become incapacitated due to being under the influence of any mind-altering substances, such as having consumed alcohol or been intentionally administered another date rape drug. The rape form of DFSA is also known as predator rape. 75% of all acquaintance rapes involve alcohol and/or drugs. Drugs, when used with alcohol, can result in a loss of consciousness and a loss of the ability to consent to sex. Researchers have found that alcohol-facilitated rape is the most common form of sexual violence against women. As with other types of rape, a DFSA is a crime of physical violence, and can be a result of sexual hedonism and entitlement. Most victims of DFSA are women and most perpetrators are men.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mazer (Drinking Vessel)
A mazer is a special type of wooden drinking vessel, a wide cup or shallow bowl without handles, with a broad flat foot and a knob or boss in the centre of the inside, known technically as the print or boss. They vary from simple wood pieces all in wood to those ornamented with metalwork, often in silver or silver-gilt. They use dense impervious woods such as maple, beech and walnut wood, and get their name from the spotted or birdseye marking on the wood (Ger. Maser, spot, marking, especially on wood; cf. "measles"), or possibly maserle as a name for Acer campestre. They are a north European medieval tradition, mostly made from the 11th (or earlier) to the 16th centuries.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vienna Philharmonic (Coin)
The Vienna Philharmonic (German: Wiener Philharmoniker), often shortened to Philharmonic, is a bullion coin of gold, silver, or platinum produced by the Austrian Mint (Münze Österreich). The coin is named for the Vienna Philharmonic orchestra, which inspired the design of both sides. It was introduced in 1989 as a one-troy ounce (ozt), gold coin with a face value of 2,000 Austrian schillings. It is generally one of the world's best selling bullion coins. In 2002, with the adoption of the euro currency, the nominal value of the one-ounce coin was changed to 100 euros. In 2008, the Mint introduced a one-ounce silver version of the coin with a nominal value of 1.50 euros. The silver coin is also one of the top selling bullion coins, ranked third in 2013. In 2016, the mint introduced a one ounce platinum coin with a face value of 100 euros. Like any bullion coin, the value is based primarily on the metal content and the spot price of that metal on the commodities markets. The gold Philharmonic has a fineness of 999.9 (often written 0.9999, also known as 24 carat or 99.99% pure). In most countries in Europe, the gold Philharmonic is traded VAT-free while the Silver Philharmonic is partly subject to a reduced VAT rate. The coins are minted according to demand and production varies from year to year accordingly. The design on the coin remains the same each year; only the year of issue changes. From the outset, the obverse of the coin depicts the pipe organ in the Vienna Musikverein's Golden Hall. The reverse of the coin shows instruments of the Vienna Philharmonic, including Vienna horn, bassoon, harp, and four violins centered on a cello. Both designs were produced by the chief engraver of the Austrian Mint, Thomas Pesendorfer.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
OSN-TFC Membranes for Non-Polar Solvents
separation system owing to its excellent cost and energy saving efficiency, easy scale-up in the narrow area and mild operation conditions. Membrane properties are the key part in terms of determining the separation efficiency in the OSN system. In this entry, the recently reported OSN thin-film composite (TFC) membranes were investigated to understand insight of membrane materials and performance.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
WO3 and Ionic Liquids -2
The possibility of using an IL to enhance WO3 dispersion on an inorganic support, ensuring the formation of composites with a very large number of exposed catalytic sites, is reported. In addition, in some cases the IL was demonstrated to be able to direct the morphology of WO3 particles.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Aromatic Nitroderivatives
Aromatic nitroderivatives are compounds of considerable environmental concern, because some of them are phytotoxic (especially the nitrophenols, and particularly 2,4-dinitrophenol), others are mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic (e.g., the nitroderivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 1-nitropyrene), and all of them absorb sunlight as components of the brown carbon. The latter has the potential to affect the climatic feedback of atmospheric aerosols. Most nitroderivatives are secondarily formed in the environment and, among their possible formation processes, photonitration upon irradiation of nitrate or nitrite is an important pathway that has periodically gained considerable attention. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 May 2021
Topic Review
Non-Road Mobile Machinery Emission Studies
The term Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) covers a broad range of machinery, with or without bodywork and wheels, that are installed with a combustion engine, either a spark ignition (SI) petrol engine or a combustion ignition (CI) diesel engine, and that are not intended for carrying passengers or goods on the road. The study of NRMM emissions in the literature has largely been overshadowed by their on-road counter parts due to data on NRMM not being as freely available.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Dec 2022
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