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Topic Review
Areal Density (Computer Storage)
Areal density is a measure of the quantity of information bits that can be stored on a given length of track, area of surface, or in a given volume of a computer storage medium. Generally, higher density is more desirable, for it allows more data to be stored in the same physical space. Density therefore has a direct relationship to storage capacity of a given medium. Density also generally affects the performance within a particular medium, as well as price.
  • 4.4K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Types of Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
Researchers are increasingly paying attention to sustainable methods for storing energy. Many researchers are now concentrating their efforts on the development and exploration of novel materials for use in energy storage devices due to the limited supply of existing energy sources such as oil, coal, and natural gas, and escalating regional tensions. Because of these issues, sustainable renewable energy sources have been touted as an alternative to nonrenewable fuels. Deployment of renewable energy sources requires efficient and reliable energy storage devices due to their intermittent nature. High-performance electrochemical energy storage technologies with high power and energy densities are heralded to be the next-generation storage devices. Transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have sparked interest among electrode materials because of their intriguing electrochemical properties.
  • 4.4K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Power-System Protection
Power-system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the protection of electrical power systems from faults through the disconnection of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network. The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation. Thus, protection schemes must apply a very pragmatic and pessimistic approach to clearing system faults. The devices that are used to protect the power systems from faults are called protection devices.
  • 4.4K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
DNA Repair Pathways in Folate Deficiency and NTDs
DNA repair pathways are essential for ensuring normal DNA synthesis, genomic stability, and integrity, which are required for a multitude of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and the development of tissues and organs. Defects or inappropriateness in DNA repair pathways are associated with detrimental health effects, including birth defects, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DNA repair genes are over-expressed at the early stages of normal embryonic development in order to reduce possible replication errors and genotoxic damage. The occurrence of NTDs may be related to the abnormality or deletion of various DNA repair pathways. Due to the link between folate deficiency and NER not being particularly evident, the progress of DNA repair pathways (BER, MMR, DSBR) and NTDs with folate deficiency was reviewed here.
  • 4.4K
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Caste Spaces in Pakistan
This study is an attempt to understand the appropriation of spaces of Dalits by Sindhi progressive activists and short story writers in Pakistan as they construct or rather undermine caste at the anvil of religion and gender to reframe their own religio-political agenda premised on political Sufism or Sufi nationalism. I specifically discuss the narratives emergent of the three popular short stories that are reframed as having exceptional emancipatory potential for the Dalits.  Assessing the emancipatory limits of Sindhi progressive narrative, I argue while that the short stories purport to give fuller expression to religious, gender-based and class dimension of the problematic, it elides the problem of casteism and the subsequent existential demand of Dalit emancipation.  Given the hegemonic influence of local Ashrafia class, the internal caste frictions are glossed over through political Sufism or Sindhi nationalism. This gloss of politicised Sufism hampers Dalit agency and rather facilitates the appropriation of Dalit spaces by Ashrafia class. This leads to conclude that the seemingly progressive literary-political narratives framed in religio-political idiom may offer to the oppressed not more than a token sympathy, compassion, self-pity and false pride in legends. Instead, they allow the appropriation of spaces and events of the oppressed, and the objectification of oppressed bodies by the oppressor.
  • 4.4K
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Bryophyllum sp.
The subgenus Bryophyllum belongs to genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae family) and includes about 25 plant species native to Madagascar, which are widely used in traditional medicine in vast regions throughout Africa, Asia and South Africa. Different formulations from bryophyllum (this term is proposed to be the common name to collectively refer to these species) have been employed for the treatment of several ailments, including infections, gynecological disorders, and chronic diseases, such as diabetes, neurological and neoplastic diseases. Two major families of secondary metabolites have been reported as responsible for these bioactivities: phenolic compounds and bufadienolides. These compounds are found in limited amounts in plants because they are biosynthesized in response to different biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, novel approaches should be undertaken with the aim of achieving the phytochemical valorization of Bryophyllum sp., allowing a sustainable production that prevents from a massive exploitation of wild plant resources. This review focuses on the study of phytoconstituents reported on bryophyllum; the application of plant tissue culture methodology as a reliable tool for the valorization of bioactive compounds; and the application of machine learning technology to model and optimize the full phytochemical potential of bryophyllum. As a result, bryophyllum species can be considered as a promising source of plant bioactive compounds, with enormous antioxidant and anticancer potential, which could be used for their large-scale biotechnological exploitation in cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
  • 4.4K
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Causes and Risk Factors of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a disorder that causes degeneration of the cells in the brain and it is the main cause of dementia, which is characterized by a decline in thinking and independence in personal daily activities. AD is considered a multifactorial disease: two main hypotheses were proposed as a cause for AD, cholinergic and amyloid hypotheses. Additionally, several risk factors such as increasing age, genetic factors, head injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and environmental factors play a role in the disease.
  • 4.4K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Glycogen Storage Diseases
Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are metabolic disorders of glycogen metabolism. In aggregate, GSDs are not considered rare diseases, but every individual type are. The overall estimated GSD incidence is 1 case per 20,000-43,000 live births, and a prevalence of 1:100,000 is considered for main types (including I, II, II, V and IX). There are 19 types which are classified by enzyme deficiency and affected tissue. Most of them are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, except for one X-linked GSDIX and Danon subtypes. Disorders related with creation, deposits and degradation of glycogen, may primarily affect the liver (hepatic GSDs), the muscles (muscle GSDs), or in a multiorganic manner (mainly Pompe). The common characteristic of all types of GSDs is the alteration of some step in glycogenolysis/glycolysis pathway, as can be seen in figures 1a and 1b.
  • 4.4K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Consequences of ARFID
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is an avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder identified in the DSM V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) diagnostic criteria for mental disorders in 2013, which replaced feeding disorder of infancy and early childhood (FEDIC), among others.
  • 4.4K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Euro
The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 of 27 member states of the European Union, as well as some of the territories of the EU. This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area. It is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar . The euro is subdivided into 100 cents. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and its territories, four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 343 million Europeans (As of 2018). Outside Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally, 240 million people worldwide (As of 2018) use currencies pegged to the euro. The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. (As of August 2018), with more than €1.2 trillion in circulation, the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world, having surpassed the U.S. dollar.[note 14] The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by May 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.83 within two years (26 October 2000), it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.60 on 18 July 2008. In late 2009, the euro became immersed in the European sovereign-debt crisis, which led to the creation of the European Financial Stability Facility as well as other reforms aimed at stabilising and strengthing the currency.
  • 4.4K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Properties of Seashells
Researchers around the world have conducted extensive experiments with waste seashells in the form of seashell aggregates and seashell powder. The physical, mechanical, and durability properties of seashell concrete are largely determined by the properties of the aggregates and powders that make up the shell.
  • 4.4K
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Forensic Facial Comparison
Forensic facial comparison is a human observer-based technique employed in forensic facial identification. Facial identification falls under the broader discipline of facial imaging, and involves the use of visual facial information to assist in person identification. Through the analysis of photographic or video evidence (e.g., CCTV), forensic facial identification is routinely utilized to associate persons of interest to criminal activity in a judicial context. The recommended approach to forensic facial comparison is facial examination by morphological analysis, whereby a facial feature list is used to analyze, compare, and evaluate visible facial features between a target image and a potential matching image. This process is then validated by a second analyst. Forensic facial comparison, and its broader discipline of facial identification, should not be confused with automated facial recognition technology or the innate psychological process of facial recognition.
  • 4.4K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Solar Tree
A solar tree is a structure incorporating solar energy technology on a single pillar, like a tree trunk. It may be a solar artwork or a functional power generator.
  • 4.4K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Salt Bridges investigated by NMR
Salt bridges are interactions, electrostatic combined with hydrogen bonding, between oppositely charged residues, typically carboxylic acid anions and ammonium ions, provided they are close together.  For an illustration see Fig. 1. Salt bridges are of particular interest in proteins and other biomolecules.  In the present contribution salt bridges are investigated by means of 1H chemical shifts, determination of pKa values and deuterium isotope effect on 15N and 1H chemical shifts.  In the latter case model compounds like ammonium ions are also investigated and the use of deuterium isotope effects on chemical shifts are supported by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.  The use of isotope effects on chemical shifts enables a distinction between salt bridges observed in the solid state by X-ray diffraction and those actually present in solution.
  • 4.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
CP4-EPSPS
CP4-EPSPS (Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) protein showed remarkable thermostability and was highly resistant to proteases, such as trypsin. However, some proteases are able to degrade CP4-EPSPS efficiently. Therefore, these proteases may play key roles in elimintating the pollution of CP4-EPSPS to the environment.
  • 4.4K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Augmented Humanity
Augmented humanity is a human–computer integration technology that proposes to improve capacity and productivity by changing or increasing the normal ranges of human function, through the restoration or extension of human physical, intellectual and social capabilities.
  • 4.4K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Smart Libraries
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet-of-Things (IoT), thousands of smart devices can be interconnected with each other. A series of innovative concepts have emerged and penetrated into all aspects of human life, e.g., “Smarter Planet”, “Smart City”, “Smart Community”, and “Smart Campus”. As a key and indispensable field, librarianship has become a convenient scenario aided by AI and IoT. Distinctive advanced AI-based approaches applied in libraries include, but are not limited to, natural language processing (NLP), deep learning (DL), recommender systems, machine vision, and smart acquisition.
  • 4.4K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lysyl oxidase like 2
LOXL2 is a key enzyme that catalyzes the cross-linking of collagen fibers and forms an integral part in collagen homeostasis. It is thus needed for normal functioning of the myocardium and is pertinent to cardiac remodeling [13]. Dysregulation of its expression is a major driver of muscle stiffness through induced cardiac fibrosis [24,25,43], which reduces cardiac output. In fact, it has been proposed that decreasing excessive collagen cross-linking would reduce myocardial fibrosis and stiffness and thereby improve heart function [44].
  • 4.4K
  • 20 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Plant Cell Culture
The large-scale production of plant-derived secondary metabolites (PDSM) in bioreactors to meet the increasing demand for bioactive compounds for the treatment and prevention of degenerative diseases is nowadays considered an engineering challenge. Plant cell culture (PCC) is nowadays recognized as a promising, renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternative to obtain PDSM out of wild plants. PCC accounts for the virtues of whole-plant cultivation systems and offers significant advantages, such as controlled manufacture due to standardized environmental conditions, i.e., it is not seasonal dependent, makes use of low amounts of water, and pesticides and herbicides are not required, achieving better quality in the desired product.
  • 4.4K
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
F-X (Japan)
The F-X (unofficially called F-3) is a sixth-generation stealth fighter in development for the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). It is Japan's first domestically developed stealth fighter jet and will replace the Mitsubishi F-2 by the mid–2030's. Its development is to also bolster the nation's defense industry and potentially enter the international arms market amid Japan's change in defense posture. The F-X has been nicknamed the "Godzilla" fighter owing to its large size, as well as a nod to the popular Kaiju.
  • 4.4K
  • 17 Oct 2022
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