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Topic Review
Management Strategies for COVID-19
The emergence of a novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing severe contagious respiratory tract infections presents a serious threat to public health worldwide. Moreover, no specific antiviral agents are available against this disease known as COVID-19. Therefore, scientific, economic and social measurements are urgently needed for an effective pandemic containment. In the present work, we reviewed recent findings from literature about COVID-19 prophylaxis and management, which could provide a clear view and help readers to be aware of the current pandemic situation.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Tunneling Nanotubes
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are recognized long membrane nanotubes connecting distance cells. In the last decade, growing evidence has shown that these subcellular structures mediate the specific transfer of cellular materials, pathogens, and electrical signals between cells. As intercellular bridges, they play a unique role in embryonic development, collective cell migration, injured cell recovery, cancer treatment resistance, and pathogen propagation. Although TNTs have been considered as potential drug targets for treatment, there is still a long way to go to translate the research findings into clinical practice.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
VWF, Platelets and Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity with the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). Laboratory criteria for the classification of APS include the detection of lupus anticoagulant (LAC), anti-cardiolipin (aCL) antibodies and anti-β2glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI) antibodies. Clinical criteria for the classification of thrombotic APS include venous and arterial thrombosis, along with microvascular thrombosis. Several aPLs, including LAC, aβ2GPI and anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies (aPS/PT) have been associated with arterial thrombosis. The Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) plays an important role in arterial thrombosis by mediating platelet adhesion and aggregation. Studies have shown that aPLs antibodies present in APS patients are able to increase the risk of arterial thrombosis by upregulating the plasma levels of active VWF and by promoting platelet activation. Inflammatory reactions induced by APS may also provide a suitable condition for arterial thrombosis, mostly ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Ketogenic Dietary Therapies in Autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with increasing incidence. An expanding body of literature is examining connections between ASD and dietary interventions. Existing reports suggest a beneficial effect of ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) in improving behavioral symptoms in ASD.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome (DS) (OMIM#190685, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man®, An Online Catalog of Human Genes and Genetic Disorders) is a genetic disorder caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21 and is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID).
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Dengue
Dengue fever is one of the most important viral infections transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Muscle Proteolysis and Autophagy
Several pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, increased proteolysis, autophagy and apoptosis, and signaling pathways were shown to be involved in the process of muscle mass loss in limb muscles of cachectic patients with chronic conditions and in animal models. Whether prolonged periods of immobilization may impair to a greater extent the muscle mass loss and dysfunction elicited by cancer-induced cachexia needs to be further investigated. Investigation of to what extent each particular condition: either cancer cachexia or prolonged immobilization contributes to the wasting process of muscle mass also remains to be clarified. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
RSU1 in Tumor Tissues
Cancer is a multifactorial disease responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. It has a strong genetic background, as mutations in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes contribute to the initiation of cancer development. Integrin signaling as well as the signaling pathway of Ras oncogene, have been long implicated both in carcinogenesis and disease progression. Moreover, they have been involved in the promotion of metastasis, which accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Ras Suppressor-1 (RSU1) was identified as a suppressor of Ras-induced transformation and was shown to localize to cell-extracellular matrix adhesions. Recent findings indicate that its expression is elevated in various cancer types, while its role in regulating metastasis-related cellular processes remains largely unknown. Interestingly, there is no in vivo work in the field to date, and thus, all relevant knowledge stems from in vitro studies.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic metabolic disorder and the primary cause of cardiovascular diseases, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Initiated by endothelial cell stimulation, AS is characterized by arterial inflammation, lipid deposition, foam cell formation, and plaque development. Certain nutrients such as carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins can prevent the atherosclerotic process by modulating inflammation and metabolic disorders through the regulation of gene acetylation states, mediated with histone deacetylases (HDACs).
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cellular Mechanisms in Wounds after Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a photosensitizer designed to destroy cancerous and precancerous cells after light activation. Photosensitizers are activated by a specific wavelength of light energy, usually from a laser. The photosensitizer is nontoxic until it is activated by light. However, after light activation, the photosensitizer becomes toxic to the targeted tissue. Among sensitizers, the topical use of  5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a natural precursor of protoporphyrin IX, a precursor of the heme group, and a powerful photosensitizing agent, represents a turning point for PDT in the dermatological field, as it easily absorbable by the skin. Wound healing requires a complex interaction and coordination of different cells and molecules. Any alteration in these highly coordinated events can lead to either delayed or excessive healing.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vulvovaginal Candidosis
Vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) is a frequently occurring infection of the lower female genital tract, mostly affecting immuno-competent women at childbearing age. Candida albicans is the most prevalent pathogenic yeast—apart from other non-albicans species—related to this fungal infection. Different virulence factors of C. albicans have been identified, which increase the risk of developing VVC. To initiate treatment and positively influence the disease course, fast and reliable diagnosis is crucial. In this narrative review, we cover the existing state of understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of VVC. However, treatment recommendations should follow current guidelines.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
TGF-β in Cancer
TGF-β is a well know cytokine and growth factor related to tumor growth and fibrosis in different kind of cancers such as lung, pancreas, colon cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
HMGB1
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a complex and potentially deadly disease. Despite successful obliteration of aneurysm from the circulation, the clinical outcome of aSAH patients is often poor. The reasons for poor outcomes are numerous, including cerebral vasospasm (CVS), post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, systemic infections and delayed cerebral ischemia. Although CVS with subsequent cerebral ischemia is one of the main contributors to brain damage after aSAH, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms of brain damage. Damaged central nervous system cells release damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) that are important for initiating, driving and sustaining the inflammatory response following an aSAH. The evidence suggested that HMGB1contributes to brain damage during early brain injury and also to the development of CVS during the late phase. Different pharmacological interventions employing natural compounds with HMGB1-antagonizing activity, antibody targeting of HMGB1 or scavenging HMGB1 by soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), have been shown to dampen the inflammation mediated brain damage and protect against CVS. The experimental data suggest that HMGB1 inhibition is a promising strategy to reduce aSAH-related brain damage and CVS. Clinical studies are needed to validate these findings that may lead to the development of potential treatment options that are much needed in aSAH.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Central Vein Sign in MS
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most important paraclinical support in multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnostic work-up. Still, its specificity using conventional sequences is limited as the cerebral white matter (WM) findings in patients with different morbidities may be mistakenly interpreted as MS lesions. Therefore, more MS-specific MRI criteria to rule out disorders are needed. The central vein sign (CVS) has been proposed as an MS imaging biomarker to differentiate MS from MS-radiological mimicking disorders, implementing susceptibility-based MRI sequences. In this study, we aim to systematically review the proportion of MS  lesions which show the CVS and estimate the performance diagnostic value in discriminating MS from its common radiological differential diagnosis. Also, we investigate the impact of using different magnetic field strengths, specific sequences and post-processing techniques.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Anti-Amyloidogenic Properties of Transthyretin and Apolipoprotein E
Transthyretin (TTR) is a 55 kDa homotetrameric protein circulating in the plasma and CSF. Its main physiological function is to transport thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) and retinol-binding protein. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a 34 kDa lipid-binding and transport protein found in both serum and CSF. Amyloid formation is a pathological process associated with a wide range of degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes mellitus type 2. During disease progression, abnormal accumulation and deposition of proteinaceous material are accompanied by tissue degradation, inflammation, and dysfunction. Agents that can interfere with the process of amyloid formation or target already formed amyloid assemblies are consequently of therapeutic interest. TTR and ApoE are among the few endogenous proteins with anti-amyloidogenic activity, therefore understanding their role and mechanism of action on amyloid formation can help in developing new therapeutic strategies. 
  • 1.3K
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
ISIDOG Recommendations Concerning COVID-19, Pregnancy
To properly manage pregnant patients in times of Sars-2-CoV (Covid-19) pandemics, extra knowledge, skills and organisational measures are essential. After consultation of more than 20 knowledgeble ISIDOG country responsables in Europe and worldwide, we present a comprehensive review and clear recommendation  document to guide caretakers of pregnant women in all possible aspects of the manangement.  Care of patient with, or at risk of, COVID-19 infection, requires attention to minimize the potential pathogenic effect for the mother and the offspring, but also not to spread infection to themselves, caregivers or partners. ISIDOG will adjust guidelines egularly as more information becomes available.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Citicoline in TBI Management
Head injury is among the most devastating types of injury, specifically called Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). There is a need to diminish the morbidity related with TBI and to improve the outcome of patients suffering TBI. Among the improvements in the treatment of TBI, neuroprotection is one of the upcoming improvements. Citicoline has been used in the management of brain ischemia related disorders, such as TBI. Citicoline has biochemical, pharmacological, and pharmacokinetic characteristics that make it a potentially useful neuroprotective drug for the management of TBI.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Portal Vein Thrombosis
The purpose of our study was to examine the prevalence of inherited and acquired thrombophilia in cirrhotic non-malignant portal vein thrombosis (PVT) at our center. As secondary aims we explored the influence of these disorders on the clinical presentation of PVT and response to anticoagulation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Cell-Signaling
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, a class I viral fusion protein, is critical to initiating the interactions between the virus and the host cell surface receptor, facilitating viral entry into the host cell by assisting in the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Human host cells also sensitively respond to the spike protein to elicit cell signaling.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Fibronectin in Osteoarthritis
Fibronectin is a component of the extracellular matrix essential to its assembly, which also regulates some cellular functions. However, cleavage of fibronectin in pathological conditions releases fibronectin fragments with pro-inflammatory and degradative properties. During the development of osteoarthritis, tissue proteolysis and injury induce extracellular matrix degradation, generating fibronectin fragments that promote inflammation and degradation by the induction of cytokine and proteinase expressions.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Dec 2021
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