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Topic Review
Engineering Crystal Packing in RNA
The crystal packing strategies described in this entry can reduce the flexibility of the interacting regions. Some of these crystal packing modules generate symmetry, which should promote crystallization because proteins with molecular symmetry are known to crystallize more readily than those without molecular symmetry. For example, the kissing loop complex generates two-fold symmetry, the G-quadruplex generates a four-fold symmetry, and the 3WJ junction has been further engineered to form a stable planar triangle, square, and pentagon using oligonucleotides.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Dysregulation of miRNA in Leukemia
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that have a crucial role in cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. miRNAs may act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors; therefore, they prevent or promote tumorigenesis, and abnormal expression has been reported in many malignancies. The role of miRNA in leukemia pathogenesis is still emerging, but several studies have suggested using miRNA expression profiles as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and response to therapy in leukemia.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetics in LMNA-Related Cardiomyopathy
Mutations in the gene for lamin A/C (LMNA) cause a diverse range of diseases known as laminopathies. LMNA-related cardiomyopathy is a common inherited heart disease and is highly penetrant with a poor prognosis. Numerous investigations using mouse models, stem cell technologies, and patient samples have characterized the phenotypic diversity caused by specific LMNA variants and contributed to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of heart disease. As a component of the nuclear envelope, LMNA regulates nuclear mechanostability and function, chromatin organization, and gene transcription.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Boreal (Age)
In paleoclimatology of the Holocene, the Boreal was the first of the Blytt-Sernander sequence of north European climatic phases that were originally based on the study of Danish peat bogs, named for Axel Blytt and Rutger Sernander, who first established the sequence. In peat bog sediments, the Boreal is also recognized by its characteristic pollen zone. It was preceded by the Younger Dryas, the last cold snap of the Pleistocene, and followed by the Atlantic, a warmer and moister period than our most recent climate. The Boreal, transitional between the two periods, varied a great deal, at times having within it climates like today's.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Metallic Iron for Environmental Remediation
Metallic iron (Fe0) used as a reactive material in subsurface permeable reactive barriers is comparable to iron pipes with three major differences: (i) corrosion is welcome because it is a rather useful process [7][8][9], (ii) a reactive wall is ideally permanently water saturated, and (iii) the length of used particles (< 5 cm) is tiny compared to pipes which are up to 12 m in length. On the one hand, Fe0 specimens used in water treatment comprise steel wool with thickness varying between 25 and 90 μm [10][11]. On the other hand, the length of these particles is comparable to the wall thickness of iron pipes (2–4 mm). There has been no real system analysis for remediation Fe0 materials with the aim to outline the differences making their peculiar characteristics. In addition, traceably deriving the longevity of remediation Fe0 specimens from Fe0 pipes is impossible because of the differences highlighted.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Natural Killer Cell
NK cells are a group of innate immune cells that show spontaneous cytolytic activity against cells under stress, such as virus-infected cells and tumor cells. They belong to the innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) family, a recently discovered group of lymphocytes, and represent about 5–15% of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Except for directly killing target cell through the release of perforin- and granzyme-containing cytotoxic granules, NK cells can also secrete interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), the granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and a panel of various immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-10, IL-13) and chemokines (CCL-3, CCL-4, CCL-5, CXCL), by which they act as modulators of the inflammatory response. NK cells have recently been recognized for their ability to kill malignant or infected cells and maintain immune homeostasis by killing certain healthy immune cells [6]. Likewise, there is accumulating evidence that NK cells possess memory ability. This finding is in contrast to the classical definition of NK cells, by which they belong only in innate immunity cells due to their lack of RAG (Recombination-activating gene) recombinase-dependent clonal antigen receptors. New data suggest that two types of immune memory patterns can be found in NK cells. The first pattern, similarly to B and T cells, is achieved by exerting immunological memory after an encounter with various antigens and the consequent creation of generations of antigen-specific memory NK cells. Secondly, NK cells can remember inflammatory cytokines milieus that imprint long-lasting non-antigen-specific NK cell effector function. These findings of NK cells’ memory could open new horizons in their manipulation and provide us with new therapeutic targets, for example in ischemic heart disease, world's most notorious killer.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Apert Syndrome
Apert syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities. A key feature of Apert syndrome is the premature closure of the bones of the skull (craniosynostosis). This early fusion prevents the skull from growing normally and affects the shape of the head and face. In addition, a varied number of fingers and toes are fused together (syndactyly).
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Canavan Disease
Canavan disease is a rare inherited disorder that damages the ability of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain to send and receive messages. This disease is one of a group of genetic disorders called leukodystrophies. Leukodystrophies disrupt the growth or maintenance of the myelin sheath, which is the covering that protects nerves and promotes the efficient transmission of nerve impulses.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
PLG Gene
plasminogen
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Plaque Psoriasis and COVID-19
There is no evidence to support the idea that patients receiving systemic therapy (i.e. immunosuppressive/ immunomodulating agents) should stop their treatment in order to prevent COVID-19 infection. People with psoriasis undergoing systemic therapy should be advised to follow current guidelines for hygiene and physical distancing as recommended in their respective area of residence. Chronic plaque psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease affecting 2–3% of the general population. In case of moderate to severe psoriasis patients are candidate to systemic treatments that have immunosuppressive/immunomodulating properties. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Tree and Heat Island Effect
Pavements occupy about 40% of urban land cover, with 75–80% black top roads, playing a critical role in urban connectivity and mobility. Solar energy is absorbed and stored in pavements leading to an increase in surface temperatures. Decreasing green cover is further contributing to rise in regional temperatures. Due to this activity, the city experiences urban heat island (UHI). This entry presents a critical review of the literature on mitigation measures to combat UHI using reflective pavements with an emphasis on durability properties and impacts of tree canopy.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Human Astrovirus Capsid
Astroviruses (AstVs) are non-enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA viruses that cause a wide range of inflammatory diseases in mammalian and avian hosts.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation in ASD
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests and activities. The maternal status of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) regulates microglial activity and neuroinflammatory pathways during a child’s brain development. In children with ASD, the metabolism of PUFA is thought to be deficient or abnormal, leading to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, increased oxidative stress and an imbalance in the formation and action of neurotransmitters. In addition, nutritional deficits in omega-3 PUFA may affect gut microbiota and contribute to ASD by the gut–brain axis.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Long-Term Impact of COVID-19
Post-COVID-19 patients may experience persistent chest CT abnormalities, decreased lung function, persistent fatigue, and respiratory symptoms, decreased functional capacity, and decreased quality of life up to 6 months after symptom onset or hospital discharge. On average, 8 out of 10 patients had returned to work or reported no work impairment at around 3 months of follow-up.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Conductive Polymers in Infarction Repair
The function of the heart pump may be impaired by events such as myocardial infarction, the consequence of coronary artery thrombosis due to blood clots or plaques. A whole heart transplant remains the gold standard so far and the current pharmacological approaches tend to stop further myocardium deterioration, but this is not a long-term solution. Electrically conductive, scaffold-based cardiac tissue engineering provides a promising solution to repair the injured myocardium. The non-conductive component of the scaffold provides a biocompatible microenvironment to the cultured cells while the conductive component improves intercellular coupling as well as electrical signal propagation through the scar tissue when implanted at the infarcted site. The in vivo electrical coupling of the cells leads to a better regeneration of the infarcted myocardium, reducing arrhythmias, QRS/QT intervals, and scar size and promoting cardiac cell maturation. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the leading cause of dry eye disease and loss of ocular surface homeostasis. Increasingly, several observational clinical studies suggest that dyslipidemia (elevated blood cholesterol, triglyceride, or lipoprotein levels) can initiate the development of MGD. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing of Nanostructured High-Energy Materials
In recent years, there has been explosive growth in interest toward additive manufacturing in many scientific research areas. This can be seen from the increase in the number of publications on this topic, as well as the respective economic indicators; the current additive manufacturing (AM) market size has already exceeded $1300 million. In practice, AM saves time and costs from the design stage to production. Additive manufacturing technologies have been developing for over 30 years. While at the onset, they consisted of relatively simple 3D printing of polymer prototypes, now it is possible to use AM to obtain metallic or non-metallic prototypes or functional products that do not require mechanical post-processing.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Multi-Objective Optimization for Sustainable Supply Chain and Logistics
There are several methods available for modeling sustainable supply chain and logistics (SSCL) issues. Multi-objective optimization (MOO) has been a widely used method in SSCL modeling (SSCLM), nonetheless selecting a suitable optimization technique and solution method is still of interest as model performance is highly dependent on decision-making variables of the model development process. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Weeds Enhance Pollinator Diversity in Mango
Weeds increase the diversity of pollinating insects on mango flowers, and mangos with weeds growing below produced more fruit than those without weeds. Weeds can provide ground cover and flowers that can support insect pollinators, natural enemies, and increase biodiversity at the field and landscape level. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Development Education Keys
UNESCO states that the fundamental mission of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is to develop students’ capacity to make informed decisions and take actions that contribute to building a just society for present and future generations. In this sense, ESD aims to enable present generations to meet their needs while providing the opportunity for future generations to meet theirs.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2022
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