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Topic Review
Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter 2 and NKCC1 in Neurological Disorders
Numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases are associated with a disruption in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling, including Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Down syndrome (DS), schizophrenia, and epilepsy. It is plausible that altered expression of potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) in such disorders contributes to detrimental GABA signaling and an excitatory/inhbitory (E/I) imbalance. In the instance where NKCC1 is upregulated in the mature neuron, high intracellular chloride (Cl−) implies a reversion to immature physiology, thus, disrupting the formation of synaptic connections and normal neuronal functioning.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor
Involvement of glutamate and its peripheral N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) in migraine pathophysiology. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) are expressed at several levels of the trigeminovascular system, which is the anatomical and physiological substrate of migraine pain.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effect of Annona muricata
The Annonaceae family contains different types of bioactive chemical properties, such as alkaloids, acetogenins, flavonoids, terpenes, and essential oil, meaning the plants in this family are potential therapeutic agents. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that A. muricata has the pharmacological effects of anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, and wound healing. 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Photocatalytic Transformation of Biomass and Biomass Derived Compounds
Biomass and biomass-derived compounds have become an important alternative feedstock for chemical industry. They may replace fossil feedstocks such as mineral oil and related platform chemicals. These compounds may also be transformed conveniently into new innovative bioactive products, for example, for the medicinal or the agrochemical domain.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Potential of Ulotaront for Neuropsychiatric Disorders
SEP-363856 (International Nonproprietary Name: Ulotaront) is an investigational antipsychotic drug with a novel mechanism of action that does not involve antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors. Ulotaront is an agonist of trace amine-associated receptor 1 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, but can modulate dopamine neurotransmission indirectly. In 2019, the United States Food and Drug Administration granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation for ulotaront for the treatment of schizophrenia.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Domestic Animal Models of Central Nervous System Tumors
Intracranial primary tumors (IPTs) are aggressive forms of malignancies that cause high mortality in both humans and domestic animals. Meningiomas are frequent adult IPTs in humans, dogs, and cats, and both benign and malignant forms cause a decrease in life quality and survival. Surgery is the primary therapeutic approach to treat meningiomas, but, in many cases, it is not resolutive. The chemotherapy and targeted therapy used to treat meningiomas also display low efficacy and many side effects. Therefore, it is essential to find novel pharmacological approaches to increase the spectrum of therapeutic options for meningiomas.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pillar[n]arene-Based Supramolecular Polymers
Supramolecular chemistry enables the manipulation of functional components on a molecular scale, facilitating a “bottom-up” approach to govern the sizes and structures of supramolecular materials. Using dynamic non-covalent interactions, supramolecular polymers can create materials with reversible and degradable characteristics and the abilities to self-heal and respond to external stimuli. Pillar[n]arene represents a novel class of macrocyclic hosts, emerging after cyclodextrins, crown ethers, calixarenes, and cucurbiturils. Its significance lies in its distinctive structure, comparing an electron-rich cavity and two finely adjustable rims, which has sparked considerable interest.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Neoproterozoic Fold Belts Surrounding the São Francisco Craton
The São Francisco craton and its continuation in Africa, the Congo Craton, constitute Archean–Paleoproterozoic paleocontinents which, via various continental collisions during the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian, formed the western portion of the Gondwana supercontinent. The folded Brasiliano/Pan African belts occur on the margins of the paleocontinents in the form of several superimposed sedimentary basins, showing different types of magmatic arcs (accretionary material) and which, via collisional processes, were transformed into Neoproterozoic–Cambrian orogenic belts.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Trifarotene
Trifarotene is a new fourth-generation retinoid with a selective action on RAR-γ. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Curcumin Scaffold as a Tool for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, which is caused by multi-factors and characterized by two histopathological hallmarks: amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of Tau proteins. Thus, researchers have been devoting tremendous efforts to developing and designing new molecules for the early diagnosis of AD and curative purposes. Curcumin and its scaffold have fluorescent and photochemical properties. Mounting evidence showed that curcumin scaffold had neuroprotective effects on AD such as anti-amyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and metal chelating.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Temporary Housing Design of Post-Disaster Scenarios
Disasters, whether natural or man-made, pose inevitable global challenges. Events such as COVID-19, earthquakes, extreme climatic conditions, and conflicts underscore the urgent demand for effective temporary housing solutions. These temporary housing units (THUs) serve as an aid in assisting displaced people to rebuild their lives as the recovery process unfolds. However, numerous temporary housing units present environmental, economic, and social issues that hinder their sustainability. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Electrolyzed Hydrogen Water for CKD and Hemodialysis
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is globally on the rise, has become an urgent challenge from the perspective of public health, given its risk factors such as end-stage renal failure, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. The pathophysiology of CKD, including dialysis patients, is deeply associated with enhanced oxidative stress in both the kidneys and the entire body. Therefore, the introduction of a safe and widely applicable antioxidant therapy is expected as a measure against CKD. Electrolyzed hydrogen water (EHW) generated through the electrolysis of water has been confirmed to possess chemical antioxidant capabilities. In Japan, devices producing this water have become popular for household drinking water. In CKD model experiments conducted to date, drinking EHW has been shown to suppress the progression of kidney damage related to hypertension. Furthermore, clinical studies have reported that systemic oxidative stress in patients undergoing dialysis treatment using EHW is suppressed, leading to a reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular complications.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune liver disease characterized by inflammation and damage of small bile ducts that frequently progress to liver cirrhosis and predominantly affects females. The key moment in the pathophysiology of the disease is loss of tolerance to PDC-E2, pyruvate subunit of the complex of dehydrogenase enzyme, located in the mitochondrial membrane. Combined genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors trigger the initial damage of the biliary epithelium in PBC, followed by the multilineage immune/inflammatory response to damaged cholangiocytes resulting in development of chronic biliary inflammatory disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles Analysis
Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their contents have been revealed to play crucial roles in the intrinsic intercellular communications and have received extensive attention as next-generation biomarkers for diagnosis of diseases such as cancers. However, due to the structural nature of the EVs, the precise isolation and characterization are extremely challenging. To this end, tremendous efforts have been made to develop bionano sensors for the precise and sensitive characterization of EVs from a complex biologic fluid.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
MS Combined with EAOPs
Membrane separation (MS) and electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOPs) are the important technologies in water pollution control. They can not only effectively remove pollutants in water, but also have the advantages of environmental friendliness, easy automation and low land occupation. However, both MS and EAOPs still have some problems to overcome, namely membrane fouling and high energy consumption. In recent years, many researchers proposed that the combination of the two technologies can overcome this problem. In this case, both of them can be used as a pretreatment for the other to achieve different purposes. When MS is prior to EAOPs, the purpose is to reduce the turbidity as well as to concentrate pollutants and salinity in order to weaken the mass transfer limitation and increase the conductivity. When setting MS after EAOPs, the purpose is to treat the concentrate to meet the discharge standard or permeate water to further improve the quality for reuse. The combination of MS and EAOPs offers a valuable way to implement them in the practical project of wastewater treatment which deserves more attention.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
MicroRNA Modulation
The prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased over the last decades. Weight loss obtained through diet and exercise leads to a  significant decrease in morbidity and mortality. Recently, there has been growing interest in the possible beneficial effects of dietary supplements (DSs), including polyphenols, fatty acids, and other plant-derived substances, as adjuvants in the management of obesity and metabolic diseases. Specifically, polyphenols, widely spread in vegetables and fruits, significantly modulate adipose tissue activities,  contrasting inflammation and improving insulin sensitivity in preclinical and clinical studies. Remarkably, polyphenols are involved in complex microRNA networks, which play crucial roles in metabolic processes. The administration of different polyphenols and other plant-derived compounds led to significant changes in the microRNA expression profile in peripheral tissues in a growing number of preclinical studies. In particular, these compounds were able to revert obesity-induced microRNA dysregulation, leading to the inhibition of adipogenesis and the induction of weight loss. Furthermore, through microRNA modulation, they attenuated key metabolic alterations, including insulin resistance and lipid anomalies, in animal models of obesity. Some of them were also able to reduce proinflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue. The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence about the effect of plant-derived DSs on microRNA expression in obesity.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Dystrophin Node
Dystrophin isoform Dp427-M is tightly associated with a variety of glycoproteins at the muscle sarcolemma membrane. The core dystrophin-glycoprotein complex forms a variety of links to components of the extracellular matrix and the intracellular cytoskeleton. The wider dystrophin complexome plays a crucial functional role as an integrative node of the skeletal muscle periphery. The sarcolemmal dystrophin node is involved in the maintenance of fiber stability, the provision of cellular signaling cascades, organizer of cytoskeletal networks and costameric anchor for lateral force transmission.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Hormone Receptors in Bladder Cancer
Accumulating evidence indicates that sex hormone receptors, such as androgen receptor and estrogen receptors, play an important role in modulating sensitivity to conventional non-surgical therapy for bladder cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer
Intracellular protein tyrosine kinases, including Abelson (Abl), Src, JNK and many others, play a pivotal role in signal transduction pathways and cancer development, being highly activated in malignant tumor cells, but having very low activity and expression in normal cells. Consequently, in the last thirty years, many small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have entered in clinical trials and were approved to treat hematologic and non-hematologic tumors, thus improving cancer treatment. In particular, the greatest progress has been made with the use of TKIs in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Regenerative strategies in Cleft Palate
Cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) is a craniofacial malformation with a prevalence in newborns of 14 per 10,000 live births worldwide. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jul 2021
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