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Topic Review
Compound Parabolic Concentrator-Based Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Collectors
The compound parabolic concentrating (CPC) collectors belong to a class of concentrators called non-imaging concentrators. These concentrators allow the design of optical systems that can attain maximum geometric concentrations permitted by laws of physical conservation for a given angular field. As opposed to imaging or focusing concentrators, the concentrators based on non-imaging optics are capable of achieving moderate levels of concentration without tracking the sun.
  • 2.3K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Selection of OCV–SOC Model for Battery Management Systems
A battery management system (BMS) plays a crucial role to ensure the safety, efficiency, and reliability of a rechargeable Li-ion battery pack. State of charge (SOC) estimation is an important operation within a BMS. Estimated SOC is required in several BMS operations, such as remaining power and mileage estimation, battery capacity estimation, charge termination, and cell balancing. The open circuit voltage (OCV) model needs to be stored within the battery management system for real-time SOC estimation. The selection, storage, and processing of OCV models involve several design constraints.
  • 2.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Flexible Wearable Sensor
Sensors are the core of wearable monitoring equipment. In wearable devices (such as wrist strap or chest strap), the sensor will inevitably contact with the skin.
  • 2.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
State-of-the-Art Power Factor Correction: An Industry Perspective
On 1 January 2001, the IEC 61000-3-2 regulation became effective. Since then, mitigating current harmonics has been essential to ensure that electronic equipment connected to single-phase power distribution lines conforms to electromagnetic compatibility directives. Today, high-quality rectification, commonly known as power factor correction (PFC), is a well-established technique widely adopted by the industry for powering various devices from the ac line. The topic has been studied by academia and industry since the mid-1980s; thus, an enormous amount of research has been published and countless solutions have been proposed since then. However, only a few of those solutions have encountered wide industrial usage. So, it is not the authors’ intention to provide a comprehensive review, but to take stock of the most used PFC techniques from an industry perspective. This paper will review the power factor theory with non-sinusoidal currents, the practical and regulatory aspects of using PFC, and the most common industry solutions for power factor correction in equipment operated from the single-phase, public, low-voltage supply system, with a special focus on boost PFC pre-regulators, their control methods, design procedures, and issues.
  • 2.3K
  • 25 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Hybrid Distribution Transformers
Distribution transformers are one of the pillars of the distribution grid. They are the interface between the medium and low-voltage grid, stepping-down the voltages to a safe and usable range for the end-users. 
  • 2.3K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Materials for Solar Cells and Supercapacitors
Hybrid systems have gained significant attention among researchers and scientists worldwide due to their ability to integrate solar cells and supercapacitors. Subsequently, this has led to rising demands for green energy, miniaturization and mini-electronic wearable devices. These hybrid devices will lead to sustainable energy becoming viable and fossil-fuel-based sources of energy gradually being replaced. A solar photovoltaic (SPV) system is an electronic device that mainly functions to convert photon energy to electrical energy using a solar power source. 
  • 2.3K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Utau
UTAU is a Japanese singing synthesizer application created by Ameya/Ayame (飴屋／菖蒲). This program is similar to the VOCALOID software, with the difference being it is shareware instead of under a third party licensing.
  • 2.3K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
Thermal energy systems (TES) contribute to the on-going process that leads to higher integration among different energy systems, with the aim of reaching a cleaner, more flexible and sustainable use of the energy resources. Energy storage is also a key component of decarbonisation scenarios, such as the ones indicated in the European Roadmap to 2050, whose main targets include high energy efficiency, diversification of the production resources, and increase in the percentage of renewable energy sources (RES). TES-based solutions in systems connected to the electrical grid facilitate the energy system integration to get additional flexibility for energy management, enable better use of variable renewable energy sources (RES), and contribute to the modernisation of the energy system infrastructures.
  • 2.3K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Deep Learning Defect Detection Methods for Industrial Products
Deep learning models based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) have had a lot of success in various computer vision fields, such as recognizing faces, identifying pedestrians, detecting text in images, and tracking targets. Additionally, these models are used in a wide range of industrial settings for defect detection.
  • 2.3K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
6G Enabled Smart Infrastructure
6G is expected to have data rates in the order of terabits per second and a latency of less than 1ms. It is expected to drive the Internet of Everything, with 10,000,000 connections per square km.
  • 2.3K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Structural Health Monitoring Systems
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a rapidly evolving field, and there is a vast literature covering several topics that are related to this field. This entry is focused on the analysis of the state of the art of sensors for guided ultrasonic waves for the detection and localization of impacts for structural health monitoring (SHM).
  • 2.3K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain
Electric vehicles (EVs) have been garnering wide attention over conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles due to the serious concerns of environmental pollution and crude oil depletion.
  • 2.3K
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Network
An electric vehicle network is an infrastructure system of charging stations and battery swap station to recharge electric vehicles. Many government, car manufacturers, and charging infrastructure providers sought to create networks. (As of December 2016), Estonia remained the only country to have completed a nationwide public electric charging network. (As of 2018) the largest fast-charging location was in Shanghai on the Tesla Supercharger network, with fifty charging stalls.
  • 2.3K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Buck-Boost DC-DC Converters for Fuel Cell Applications
The use of fuel cells in DC microgrids has been receiving a lot of attention from researchers and industry since both technologies can deliver clean energy with little to no environmental impact. To effectively integrate fuel cells in DC microgrids, a power converter that can equate the fuel cell’s voltage with the DC microgrid’s reference voltage is required. Based on the typical output voltages of fuel cells, buck-boost topologies are commonly used in this type of application. This work compiles, compares and describes different DC-DC buck-boost topologies that have been introduced in the literature over the past few years. 
  • 2.3K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
A Reactive Power Compensation Method
One of the main challenges of today’s electrical power engineering is the symmetrization of grid voltages and the minimization of reactive power flows in distribution networks. There are many negative effects associated with asymmetry in power systems, such as increased losses in electric motors, harmonics transferred to DC systems, or phase currents inequality. With the reactive power compensation method, the active power flow can be reduced even in the presence of angular asymmetry between voltage vectors of the utility grid. 
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Bluetooth 5.1
Bluetooth 5.1 allows producers to create location applications based on the Angle of Departure (AoD) and the Angle of Arrival (AoA). Accordingly, it is conceivable to design proper Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS), for instance, for the traceability of resources, assets, and people.
  • 2.2K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Numerically Controlled Oscillator
A numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) is a digital signal generator which creates a synchronous (i.e. clocked), discrete-time, discrete-valued representation of a waveform, usually sinusoidal. NCOs are often used in conjunction with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) at the output to create a direct digital synthesizer (DDS). Numerically controlled oscillators offer several advantages over other types of oscillators in terms of agility, accuracy, stability and reliability. NCOs are used in many communications systems including digital up/down converters used in 3G wireless and software radio systems, digital PLLs, radar systems, drivers for optical or acoustic transmissions, and multilevel FSK/PSK modulators/demodulators.
  • 2.2K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fourier Lightfield Microscope
Fourier lightfield microscopy (FLMic) is a technique aimed to capture and process 3D information of microscopic samples. Due to its optical design, FLMic has the inherent capacity of capturing a collection of orthographic perspectives of samples in a single shot. Consequently, FLMic is especially suited for capturing and processing 3D images of dynamic processes, being potentially addressed for real-time applications in both life and material sciences.
  • 2.2K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Micro-Grid Communication Protocols and Standards
A microgrid is a comprehensive system that includes energy storage, different energy sources, and loads within a certain boundary. It functions seamlessly, whether it is linked to, or works independently from, the main electrical grid, ensuring a consistent power supply. Microgrids consist of distributed energy resources (DER) and loads, which may be located in one place or spread throughout an electrical distribution network.
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Organic Piezoelectric Biomaterials
The past decade has witnessed significant advances in medically implantable and wearable devices technologies as a promising personal healthcare platform. Organic piezoelectric biomaterials have attracted widespread attention as the functional materials in the biomedical devices due to their advantages of excellent biocompatibility and environmental friendliness. Biomedical devices featuring the biocompatible piezoelectric materials involve energy harvesting devices, sensors, and scaffolds for cell and tissue engineering. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the principles, properties, and applications of organic piezoelectric biomaterials. How to tackle issues relating to the better integration of the organic piezoelectric biomaterials into the biomedical devices is discussed. Further developments in biocompatible piezoelectric materials can spark a new age in the field of biomedical technologies.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
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