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Topic Review
Balanced Learning for Road Crack Segmentation
Road crack segmentation based on high-resolution images is an important task in road service maintenance. The undamaged road surface area is much larger than the damaged area on a highway. This imbalanced situation yields poor road crack segmentation performance for convolutional neural networks.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
TaNACs in Wheat Crop Improvement
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the main staple food crops cultivated around the world. Although it is a very important cereal crop, it is underexplored compared to rice, barley, and maize. The main reason is its large and complex hexaploid genome, AABBDD (2n = 6x = 42), which has three homoeologous sets of genes that make research more demanding. The genome of rice is diploid, 33 times smaller than that of wheat; therefore, this species is very well explored and treated as a model among cereals. Barley and maize are diploid species. However, the first one is more closely related to wheat, thus reports on the cis-regulation of genes in these two species, rice, and barley, by NAC TFs are also discussed and compared with wheat.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of Microalgal Symbiosis
Microalgae have been considered a promising and sustainable candidate for wastewater treatment and valuable bioproducts, such as feedstocks for food, nutrients, and energy. However, many challenging bottlenecks, such as low biomass productivity, expensive biomass harvesting techniques, and inefficient extraction of biofuels restrict its large-scale commercial production. Symbiotic relationships between microalgae and bacteria, also known as microalgal consortia, have proven to be effective solutions for mitigating technical and economic limitations. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Atrial Fibrillation in the Structural Heart Disease Population
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. Patients with structural heart disease (SHD) are at an increased risk of developing this arrhythmia and are particularly susceptible to the deleterious hemodynamic effects it carries. Catheter ablation (CA) has emerged as a valuable strategy for rhythm control and is currently part of the standard care for symptomatic relief in patients with AF. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Aptamer-Based Immune Strategies for TNBC Treatment
Aptamer-based immunotherapy has great potential to overcome significant challenges in T cell immunotherapy for solid tumors mainly represented by strong immunosuppressive signals, which induce low T cell activation and decreased synthesis and release of cytotoxic proteins.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Digestive Healthcare
With modern society well entrenched in the digital area, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to extract useful information from big data has become more commonplace in our daily lives than we perhaps realize. A number of medical specialties such as Gastroenterology rely heavily on medical images to establish disease diagnosis and patient prognosis, as well as to monitor disease progression. Moreover, some such imaging techniques have been adapted so that they can potentially deliver therapeutic interventions. The digitalization of medical imaging has paved the way for important advances in this field, including the design of AI solutions to aid image acquisition and analysis.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Oriented Crossover in Genetic Algorithms
A genetic algorithm is a formula for resolving optimization issues that incorporate a constraint and natural selection similar to the biological process that propels evolution.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Development Suitability in Linear Cultural Heritage
Heritage area development assessments can increase public and government knowledge of the state of heritage areas and aid decision makers in formulating sensible policies or plans to protect and develop heritage areas. The valley is the spatial model of mountain economic development proposed on the basis of a basin combined with the ecological protection, rural development, and cultural inheritance present in mountainous areas.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Adenoviral Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia
Adenoviral-based vaccines such as ChadoX1 CoV-19 (AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S (J&J) were developed to prevent infection and reduce hospitalization or death in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. These vaccines passed safety and efficacy trials with excellent neutralizing capabilities against SARS-CoV-2, very rare reports of acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic events following administration emerged in certain populations, which triggered a series of clinical investigations that gave rise to a novel phenomenon called vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT).
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Resource Curse
This phenomenon, which hinders economic growth due to excessive dependence on natural resources, is called “resource curse”.  The resource curse not only brings negative effects on the speed of economic growth, but also causes a series of ecological and social welfare problems, such as environmental pollution and income inequality, which runs counter to the goal of high-quality economic development. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Orthostatic Hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in blood pressure that occurs when moving from a laying down (supine) position to a standing (upright) position. The word "orthostasis" means to stand up, so the condition is defined as low blood pressure (hypotension) that occurs upon standing.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
T(8;21) Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous disease with multiple sub-types which are defined by different somatic mutations that cause blood cell differentiation to go astray.  One of the best-studied AML-subtypes is the t(8;21) AML which carries a translocation fusing sequences encoding the DNA-binding domain of the hematopoietic master regulator RUNX1 to the ETO gene. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal-Bleeding between NOACs and VKAs
Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are more commonly used to prevent atrial fibrillation (AF) patients from thromboembolic events than vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). However, the gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) risk in the Asian AF patients associated with NOACs in comparison with VKAs remained unaddressed.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Focused-Electron-Beam Engineering
Focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is the ultimate additive nanofabrication technique for the growth of 3D nanostructures. In the field of nanomagnetism and its technological applications, FEBID could be a viable solution to produce future high-density, low-power, fast nanoelectronic devices based on the domain wall conduit in 3D nanomagnets. While FEBID has demonstrated the flexibility to produce 3D nanostructures with almost any shape and geometry, the basic physical properties of these out-of-plane deposits are often seriously degraded from their bulk counterparts due to the presence of contaminants. 3D Co nanowires have been used to test the possibilities of FEBID for engineering the dimensions, composition and magnetism of these nanostructures.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Management Research as Design Science
Design science (DS) approaches have been emerging in engineering, management and other disciplines operating at the interface between design research and the natural or social sciences. Based on a state-of-the-art review of how DS is applied by management researchers, we develop a DS methodology for design-oriented disciplines that tend to adopt a rather intuitive notion of theory.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) in COVID-19
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a technology used by countless laboratories across the world for investigating the genetic makeup of all forms of living beings, but its utilization in infectious disease diagnostics is relatively scarce at the present moment. Information gleaned from NGS, whereby the pathogen’s genome sequence is determined, yields a much greater trove of knowledge than the data produced by standard testing procedures, including information for the development of therapeutics and vaccines, the monitoring of changes in the virus as it circulates through the population, and deeper insights into patterns of transmission across time and geography.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
IoT Critical Infrastructure security
With the ever advancing expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) into our everyday lives, the number of attack possibilities increases. Furthermore, with the incorporation of the IoT into Critical Infrastructure (CI) hardware and applications, the protection of not only the systems but the citizens themselves has become paramount. To do so, specialists must be able to gain a foothold in the ongoing cyber attack war-zone. By organising the various attacks against their systems, these specialists can not only gain a quick overview of what they might expect but also gain knowledge into the specifications of the attacks based on the categorisation method used. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Agroecology-Based Local Agri-Food Systems
ALAS are assemblages of alternative food networks, assets and infrastructures for local (sustainable) distribution, new and emerging types of institutionality, political measures, and appropriate bottom-up institutional governance, together with the symbolic revival of place-based cultural and historical identities. These assemblages are embedded in specific territories with the aim of maximizing social and ecological sustainability, supported by food and nutritional equality and security, the relocation of metabolic flows, and the improvement of the food system's ecological efficiency. To achieve this, agroecological experiences of production, distribution and consumption must be coordinated among themselves and with other actors, linking rural and urban areas, forming a plural subject led by farmers and peasants committed to agroecology. The aim of this plural subject is to develop operative and place-based ways of de-commodify and de-privatize food systems. Its aim is to achieve economic viability, agency and access to decision-making spheres, the development of physical infrastructures, and symbolic contexts to allow ALAS to emerge as hegemonic food systems as the corporate food regime loses its legitimacy. Such a social subject is tasked with promoting these transitions, while redefining our underlying thought categories and building economic flows, beyond the dualities of urban–rural and productive–reproductive work
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Diploid Progenitor Lung Cell Applications
Recent research and development efforts around diploid progenitor lung cells (e.g., FE002-Lu or Walvax-2 sources) consist in qualification for potential use as optimal and renewed vaccine production substrates and, alternatively, for potential therapeutic applications in respiratory tract regenerative medicine. Potentially effective, safe, and sustainable cell therapy approaches for the management of inflammatory lung diseases or affections and related symptoms (e.g., COVID-19 patients and burn patient severe inhalation syndrome) using local homologous allogeneic cell-based or cell-derived product administrations are considered. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tissue Fibrosis
Tissue fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that result from the disruption of regulatory processes responsible for ECM synthesis, deposition, and remodeling. Fibrosis develops in response to a trigger or injury and can occur in nearly all organs of the body.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2021
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