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Topic Review
Profit Model
The profit model is the linear, deterministic algebraic model used implicitly by most cost accountants. Starting with, profit equals sales minus costs, it provides a structure for modeling cost elements such as materials, losses, multi-products, learning, depreciation etc. It provides a mutable conceptual base for spreadsheet modelers. This enables them to run deterministic simulations or 'what if' modelling to see the impact of price, cost or quantity changes on profitability.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Effect of Smoking Cessation on Body Weight
Smokers with diabetes mellitus substantially lower their risks of microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications, in particular cardiovascular disease, by quitting smoking. However, subsequent post-smoking-cessation weight gain may attenuate some of the beneficial effects of smoking cessation and discourage attempts to quit. Weight gain can temporarily exacerbate diabetes and deteriorate glycemic control and metabolic profile. The molecular mechanisms by which quitting smoking leads to weight gain are largely associated with the removal of nicotine’s effects on the central nervous system. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Agriculture
Research has shown nanoparticles to be a groundbreaking tool for tackling many arising global issues, the agricultural industry being no exception. In general, a nanoparticle is defined as any particle where one characteristic dimension is 100nm or less. Because of their unique size, these particles begin to exhibit properties that their larger counterparts may not. Due to their scale, quantum mechanical interactions become more important than classic mechanical forces, allowing for the prevalence of unique physical and chemical properties due to their extremely high surface-to-body ratio. Properties such as cation exchange capacity, enhanced diffusion, ion adsorption, and complexation are enhanced when operating at nanoscale. This is primarily the consequence of a high proportion of atoms being present on the surface, with an increased proportion of sites operating at higher reactivities with respect to processes such as adsorption processes and electrochemical interactions. Nanoparticles are promising candidates for implementation in agriculture. Because many organic functions such as ion exchange and plant gene expression operate on small scales, nanomaterials offer a toolset that works at just the right scale to provide efficient, targeted delivery to living cells. Current areas of focus of nanotechnology development in the agricultural industry include development of environmentally conscious nanofertilizers to provide efficient ion, nutrient delivery into plant cells, and plant gene transformations to produce plants with desirable genes such as drought resistance and accelerated growth cycles. With the global population on the rise, it is necessary to make advancements in sustainable farming methods that generate higher yields in order to meet the rising food demand. However, it must be done without generating long-term consequences such as depletion of arable land or water sources, toxic runoff, or bioaccumulative toxicity. In order to meet these demands, research is being done into the incorporation of nanotechnology agriculture.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Production Process on Organoleptic Profile of Industrial Beers
Beer is one of the most popular and commonly consumed alcoholic beverages worldwide. However, a remarkable transition has been taking place regarding consumersʹ preference for traditional ‘tasteless’ beers, to more complex craft beers, with a growing quota of consumers being interested in new beer styles that exhibit novel sensory characteristics. In addition, a growing consumer segment, comprising people between 21 and 30 years old, seems to be interested in new beer tastes and is willing to pay for these tasty beers, even if more expensive. For this reason, brewers and researchers are investigating the use of alternative raw materials and processing conditions over the different stages of beer brewing so that its organoleptic profile is enhanced.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Neural Regulations in Tooth Development
The tooth–periodontium complex and its nerves have active reciprocal regulation during development and homeostasis. These effects are predominantly mediated by a range of molecules secreted from either the nervous system or the tooth–periodontium complex. Different strategies mimicking tooth development or physiological reparation have been applied to tooth regeneration studies, where the application of these nerve- or tooth-derived molecules has been proven effective.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Surface Texturing of Cylinder Liners
The effect of cylinder liners on engine performance is substantial. Typically, the cylinder surfaces were plateau honed. However, recently additional dimples or grooves were created on them.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Cancer Mechanisms of Cucurbitacins
Cucurbitacins constitute a group of cucumber-derived dietary lipids, highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoids, with potential medical uses. These compounds are known to interact with a variety of recognized cellular targets to impede the growth of cancer cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Involvement of Bcl-2 Family Proteins in Tetraploidization-Related Senescence
The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins is the main regulator of apoptosis. However, multiple emerging evidence has revealed that Bcl-2 family proteins are also involved in cellular senescence. On the one hand, the different expression of these proteins determines the entry into senescence. On the other hand, entry into senescence modulates the expression of these proteins, generally conferring resistance to apoptosis. With some exceptions, senescent cells are characterized by the upregulation of antiapoptotic proteins and downregulation of proapoptotic proteins. Under physiological conditions, freshly formed tetraploid cells die by apoptosis due to the tetraploidy checkpoint. However, suppression of Bcl-2 associated x protein (Bax), as well as overexpression of Bcl-2, favors the appearance and survival of tetraploid cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Endogenous and pharmacological Nrf2 activation in CKD
The nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) protects the cell against oxidative damage. The Nrf2 system comprises a complex network that functions to ensure adequate responses to redox perturbations, but also metabolic demands, and cellular stresses. It must be kept within a physiologic activity range. Oxidative stress and alterations in Nrf2 system activity are central for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and CKD-related morbidity. Activation of the Nrf2 system in CKD is in multiple ways related to inflammation, kidney fibrosis, and mitochondrial and metabolic effects. In human CKD, both endogenous Nrf2 activation and repression exist. The state of the Nrf2 system varies with cause of kidney disease, comorbidities, stage of CKD, and severity of uremic toxin accumulation and inflammation. Earlier CKD stage, rapid progression of kidney disease, and inflammatory processes are associated with more robust Nrf2 system activation. Advanced CKD is associated with stronger Nrf2 system repression. Nrf2 activation is related to oxidative stress and moderate uremic toxin and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) elevations. Nrf2 repression relates to high uremic toxin and NF-κB concentrations, and may be related to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-independent Nrf2 degradation. Pharmacological Nrf2 activation by bardoxolone methyl, curcumin, and resveratrol have been described but new strategies for Nrf2-targeted therapies in CKD need to be developed.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Public Health Concerns Related to Pesticide Exposure
One of the major issues related to food safety is the lack of globally harmonized pesticide legislation and safety standards. Pesticide maximum residue levels (MRLs) in foods and feeds significantly differ, especially among developed and developing countries. The differences in regulations also cause trade issues since many developing countries use unauthorized pesticides or different MRLs.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Bilingual Speech and Neuroimaging
It is documented that most bilingual speakers voluntarily engage in code-mixing in conversation and bilinguals use speech sound inventories from both their first (L1) and second language (L2) when code-mixing. Code-mixed language offers a unique opportunity to study first- and second-language speech perception while both languages are being assessed. In addition, it is possible to investigate neural activation monitoring during such a task with the use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). fNIRS is a non-evasive imaging technology that has been previously used to investigate bilingualism and brain localization function.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fatty Acids of Biomembranes
Within the context of biomembranes, the matrix comprises an array of complex molecules, with fatty acids serving as fundamental building blocks. Fatty acids exist typically in two forms: saturated and unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, whereas both are characterized by a terminal carboxyl (-COOH) group and a terminal methyl (-CH3) group designated as carbon 1 (Δ) and omega (ω or n), respectively. Over the past century, numerous nomenclature systems have been proposed, including trivial, systematic, ∆x, n − x, and lipid numbers. The trivial nomenclature, though prevalent, lacks systematic patterns. In contrast, the systematic nomenclature adheres to a more regular and structured approach, based on the nomenclature of parent hydrocarbons. It involves adding the suffix “oic” to the hydrocarbon name after removing the terminal “e”. This nomenclature also encompasses the identification of the position of the first double bond from the (n), with the series of fatty acids being named accordingly (e.g., n-3, n-6, n-7, and n-9 series). These distinctions among n-fatty acids lead to variations in their properties, consequently influencing the structure and function of biomembranes.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cultural Diversity and Conflict in Family Businesses
Family firms play a key role in the economic growth and employment of any country. Several researchers argued that culture of family businesses plays an important role in determining whether the firm continues successfully beyond the first generation. Involvement of the family in business is often portrayed both as a special feature of the family business and as an important source of conflict in these businesses.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Detection of Food Allergens
Food allergies have seriously affected the life quality of some people and even endangered their lives. At present, there is still no effective cure for food allergies. Avoiding the intake of allergenic food is still the most effective way to prevent allergic diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to develop rapid, accurate, sensitive, and reliable analysis methods to detect food allergens from different sources. Aptamers are oligonucleotide sequences that can bind to a variety of targets with high specifificity and selectivity, and they are often combined with different transduction technologies, thereby constructing various types of aptamer sensors. In recent years, with the development of technology and the application of new materials, the sensitivity, portability, and cost of flfluorescence sensing technology have been greatly improved. Therefore, aptamer-based flfluorescence sensing technology has been widely developed and applied in the specifific recognition of food allergens.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Dirac Equation in the Algebra of Physical Space
The Dirac equation, as the relativistic equation that describes spin 1/2 particles in quantum mechanics, can be written in terms of the Algebra of physical space (APS), which is a case of a Clifford algebra or geometric algebra that is based on the use of paravectors. The Dirac equation in APS, including the electromagnetic interaction, reads Another form of the Dirac equation in terms of the Space time algebra was given earlier by David Hestenes. In general, the Dirac equation in the formalism of geometric algebra has the advantage of providing a direct geometric interpretation.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering
Skeletal muscle (SKM) represents nowadays a complex and arguing tissue to be generated in vitro for tissue engineering purposes. Several attempts have been pursued to develop hydrogels with different formulations resembling in vitro the characteristics of SKM tissue in vivo. Topographical cues have been applied on the hydrogels to guide cellular orientation and facilitate myogenic differentiation of blended myocites and maturation of the constructs. 3D bioprinting technique allows controlled spatial deposition of cells into ECM based hydrogels and provide the proper SKM native-like tissue microenvironment.  
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
RNA Oxidation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Recent studies have shown that RNAs are susceptible to oxidative damage and oxidized RNA is able to break the RNA strand, and affect the protein synthesis, which can lead to cell degradation and cell death. Studies have shown that RNA oxidation is one of the early events in the formation and development of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, its molecular mechanism, as well as its impact on these diseases, are still unclear. In this article, we review the different types of RNA oxidative damage and the neurodegenerative diseases that are reported to be associated with RNA oxidative damage. In addition, we discuss recent findings on the association between RNA oxidative damage and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, which will have great significance for the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Glutamine synthetase (GS) of wheat
Glutamine synthetase isoforms of wheat play distinct roles in nitrogen assimilation for their different kinetic properties, tissue locations, and response to nitrogen regimes.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bank Risk Determinants
Systemic Banking crises are a recurrent phenomenon that affects society, and there is a need for a better understanding of the risk factors to support prudential regulation and reduce unnecessary risk intake in the financial system. This paper examines the main bank risk determinants in Latin America. The period analysed covers the timespan from 1999 to 2013, including the systemic banking crisis episodes in Argentina (2001–2003) and Uruguay (2002–2005). We apply a new data-driven comparable methodology to classify and select commercial banks from the sample.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Coworking Space
Coworking is a trend that is becoming increasingly popular and is often associated with sustainability. However, a lack of consensus exists on what a sustainable coworking space is. This study addresses this by investigating what is currently understood by a sustainable coworking space. Q-methodology is used to analyze 27 participants’ subjective ideas about what a sustainable coworking space is, resulting in four distinct perspectives. The four perspectives are identified as follows: 1. “New Work”, 2. “Resourceful Society”, 3. “Incubator, and 4. “Environmental”. These perspectives have distinct opinions on what important sustainability aspects in the context of coworking spaces are. Whilst some prioritize environmental and community factors, others have a mixed focus. Additionally, the four perspectives share some common beliefs. All of them believe in the importance of sustainable mobility, as well as in the moderate importance of encouraging their members to be socially responsible. These findings offer insight into the different understandings of coworking space sustainability. This is important because currently this field is under-researched, and a more systematic approach to sustainability in this field is needed. This research lays the foundation to do so and helps work toward a better understanding of coworking in a sustainability and innovative context.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Dec 2020
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