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Topic Review
Voltage-Dependent Anion Selective Channel
VDAC (voltage-dependent anion selective channel) proteins, also known as mitochondrial porins, are the most abundant proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) where they play a vital role in various cellular processes, in the regulation of metabolism, and in survival pathways.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Social Lives of Free-Ranging Cats
Factors impacting FRC conspecific interactions include cat body size, cat social rank, cat individuality, cat age, relationship to conspecific (kin/familiar), cat sex, level of human caretaking, presence of food, the health of the individual, or sexual status of conspecifics. Interspecies interactions also occur with humans and wildlife. The human’s sex and the weather conditions on the day of interaction have been shown to impact FRC social behavior. Interactions with wildlife were strongly linked to the timing of cat feeding events. These findings support the idea that FRCs are “social generalists” who display flexibility in their social behavior. The social lives of FRCs exist, are complex, and deserve further study.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Ancient Peat Plateaus' Vulnerability in Western Siberia
Based on the data of the plant macrofossil and palynological composition of the peat deposits, the evolution and current state of polygonal peatlands were analyzed at the southern limit of continuous permafrost in the Pur-Taz interfluve. Paleoreconstruction shows that peat accumulation began in the Early Holocene, about 9814 cal. year BP, in the Late Pre-Boreal (PB-2), at a rate of 1 to 1.5 mm year−1. Intensive peat accumulation continued in the Boreal and early Atlantic. The geocryological complex of polygonal peatlands has remained a stable bog system despite the predicted warming and increasing humidity. However, a rather rapid upper permafrost degradation and irreversible changes in the bog systems of polygonal peatlands occur with anthropogenic disturbances, in particular, a change in the natural hydrological regime under construction of linear objects.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Probiotics in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis
The World Health Organization in 2002 defined probiotics as “living organisms in food and dietary supplements that upon ingestion can improve the health of the host beyond their inherent basic nutritional content”. Naturally presents in fruits, raw vegetables, dairy products (in particular fermented ones), they are an integral part of the gut microbiota as a component of commensal flora. The main probiotic microorganisms used in human nutrition are lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
T Cell Epitopes from the Proteome of HBV
T cell epitopes functionally validated from HBV antigens during the past 33 years; the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) supertypes to present these epitopes, and the methods to screen and identify T cell epitopes. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a common disorder characterized by persistent and recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms. This is the result of abnormal gastrointestinal function.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Circular Economy and Financial Aspects
The barriers faced by companies adopting the circular economy in relation to financial performance are defined by (i) the size of the business and the initial investment cost, (ii) difficulties for micro and small companies, (iii) to a more complex structuring of the business, and (iv) greater exposure to risk, as the circular economy is a new concept and is and not as representative as a linear standard system. Thus, there is a need for accounting control of process costs, since resources for different products can have different life cycles. Therefore, factors like financial incentives, subsidies for the projects, and the awareness of nations, companies and consumers are of great importance for the evolution of the circular economy.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Reuse of Water Contaminated by Microplastics
Water treatment generally does not specifically address the removal of microplastics (MPs). Nevertheless, treatment plants process water effectively, and the number of synthetic microparticles in effluents is usually very low. Still, discharge volumes from water-treatment plants are often elevated (reaching around 10^8 L/day), leading to the daily discharge of a substantial number of MPs and microfibers. Furthermore, MPs accumulate in the primary and secondary sludge, which in the end results in another environmental problem as they are currently used to amend soils, both for cultivation and forestry, leading to their dispersion. Something similar occurs with the treatment of water intended for human consumption, which has a much lower but still significant number of MPs. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hypertension and Arrhythmias
Because of demographic aging, the prevalence of arterial hypertension (HTN) and cardiac arrhythmias, namely atrial fibrillation (AF), is progressively increasing. Not only are these clinical entities strongly connected, but, acting with a synergistic effect, their association may cause a worse clinical outcome in patients already at risk of ischemic and/or haemorrhagic stroke and, consequently, disability and death.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Source and Sink in Arable Land Ecosystems
As a subsystem of terrestrial ecosystems, the arable land ecosystem is most closely related to human beings because it not only provides food, fiber, fuel and other products, but also supports and maintains the natural environment on which human beings depend for survival. An arable land ecosystem can act as either a carbon source or a sink.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Ransomware-Resilient Self-Healing XML Documents
The cybersecurity threat would inherently cause substantial financial losses and time wastage for affected organizations and users. A great deal of research has taken place across academia and around the industry to combat this threat and mitigate its danger. These ongoing endeavors have resulted in several detection and prevention schemas.  The self-healing version-aware ransomware recovery (SH-VARR) framework for XML documents is based on the novel idea of using the link concept to maintain file versions in a distributed manner while applying access-control mechanisms to protect these versions from being encrypted or deleted.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Elastic Beam-like Model of Multi-Storey Framed Buildings
Modern computational techniques have greatly influenced the numerical analyses of structures, not only in terms of calculation speed, but also in terms of procedural approach. In particular, great importance has been given to structural modelling, that is, the process by which a structure and the actions to which it is subjected are reduced to a simplified scheme. The use of a simplified calculation scheme is necessary since the structures are, in general, considerably complex physical systems whose behaviour is influenced by a large number of variables.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Valuation
In finance, valuation is the process of determining the present value (PV) of an asset. In a business context, it is often the hypothetical price that a third party would pay for a given asset. Valuations can be done on assets (for example, investments in marketable securities such as companies' shares and related rights, business enterprises, or intangible assets such as patents, data and trademarks) or on liabilities (e.g., bonds issued by a company). Valuations are needed for many reasons such as investment analysis, capital budgeting, merger and acquisition transactions, financial reporting, taxable events to determine the proper tax liability.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
FASTA
FASTA is a DNA and protein sequence alignment software package first described by David J. Lipman and William R. Pearson in 1985. Its legacy is the FASTA format which is now ubiquitous in bioinformatics.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Methods for Radiolabelling Nanoparticles
The use of radiolabelled nanoparticles (NPs) is a promising nuclear medicine tool for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Thanks to the heterogeneity of their material (organic or inorganic) and their unique physical and chemical characteristics, they are highly versatile for their use in several medical applications. In particular, they have shown interesting results as radiolabelled probes for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The high variability of NP types and the possibility to use several isotopes in the radiolabelling process implies different radiolabelling methods that have been applied.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Natural Products in Honey Bee Gut Parasite
Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are a highly valuable natural resource, and are of great importance to the human population and the whole ecosystem. They play a critical role as pollinators of agricultural crops, wild flora, and natural vegetation, and are an effective biological monitor of environmental contaminants, acting as collectors for airborne particulates and dust deposited on the surfaces on which they land. Honey bees are also source of honey, royal jelly, propolis, bee pollen, bee bread, venom, and wax.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Handicap (Go)
Within most systems and at most levels in the game of Go, a handicap is given to offset the strength difference between players of different ranks.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Large Extra Dimension
In particle physics and string theory (M-theory), the ADD model, also known as the model with large extra dimensions (LED), is a model framework that attempts to solve the hierarchy problem. (Why is the force of gravity so weak compared to the electromagnetic force and the other fundamental forces?) The model tries to explain this problem by postulating that our universe, with its four dimensions (three spatial ones plus time), exists on a so called membrane floating in 11-dimensional space. It is then suggested that the other forces of nature (the electromagnetic force, strong interaction, and weak interaction) operate within this membrane and its four dimensions, while gravity can operate across all 11 dimensions. This would explain why gravity is very weak compared to the other fundamental forces. This is a radical theory given that the other 7 dimensions, which we do not observe, previously have been assumed to be very small (about a planck-length), while this theory asserts that they might be very large. The model was proposed by Nima Arkani-Hamed, Savas Dimopoulos, and Gia Dvali in 1998. Attempts to test the theory are executed by smashing together two protons in the Large Hadron Collider so that they disperse and release elementary particles. If a postulated graviton appeared after a collision, for such a particle to disappear, and its disappearance be observed, that would suggest that the graviton had escaped into other dimensions beyond our universe's observable four. No experiments from the Large Hadron Collider have been decisive thus far. However, the operation range of the LHC (13 TeV collision energy) covers only a small part of the predicted range in which evidence for LED would be recorded (a few TeV to 1016 TeV). This suggests that the theory might be more thoroughly tested with advanced technology.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor  Targeting and Nanosystems
Advances in nanomedicine bring the attention of researchers to the molecular targets that can play a major role in the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities for cancer management. The choice of a proper molecular target can decide the efficacy of the treatment and endorse the personalized medicine approach. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is a G-protein-coupled membrane receptor, well known to be overexpressed in numerous malignancies including pancreatic, prostate, breast, lung, colon, cervical, and gastrointestinal cancers. Therefore, many research groups express a deep interest in targeting GRPR with their nanoformulations. A broad spectrum of the GRPR ligands as well as methods of their incorporation with the various delivery vehicles have been described in the literature. Proper design allows tuning of the properties of the final formulation, particularly in the field of the ligand affinity to the receptor and internalization possibilities.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Metal-Organic Frame Materials in Water Purification
 Metal-Organic Frame Materials (MOFs) are a class of porous materials with a three-dimensional frame structure shaped by the self-assembly of metal centers and organic ligands. Because of its unique performance advantages, it has become a promising adsorbent.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Mar 2023
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