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Topic Review
Sporothrix and Sporotrichosis
Sporothrix belongs to the fungal class Ascomycota and the order Ophiostomatales. It is a genus formed by filamentous fungi found in soil, plants, and decaying organic matter and includes pathogenic species for both humans and animals as well as environmental members. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Core Challenges for Multi-Robot-Path-Planning Algorithms
The benefits of multi-robot systems are substantial, bringing gains in efficiency, quality, and cost, and they are useful in a wide range of environments from warehouse automation, to agriculture and even extend in part to entertainment. In multi-robot system research, the main focus is on ensuring efficient coordination in the operation of the robots, both in task allocation and navigation. However, much of this research seldom strays from the theoretical bounds; there are many reasons for this, with the most-prominent and -impactful being resource limitations. This is especially true for research in areas such as multi-robot path planning (MRPP) and navigation coordination. This is a large issue in practice as many approaches are not designed with meaningful real-world implications in mind and are not scalable to large multi-robot systems. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Flash Flood and Cold Injury of Bangladesh Rice
Rice cultivation in the low-lying basin-like wetlands, known as the Haor, is often affected by early flash floods during the first two weeks of April. The flooding is mainly caused by heavy rainfall and water surging downstream from the Meghalaya hills in India. This flash flood poses a significant threat to rice production, risking the country’s food security. Dry winter (Boro) rice is the primary food source throughout the year in the Haor region. Flash floods are the most catastrophic, affecting about 80% or even the entire rice yield. In 2017, a loss of 0.88 million metric tons of Boro rice in Haor regions cost the nation USD 450 million.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Industry 4.0 Technology on Workforce Employability and Skills
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0 or I4.0) has gained increasing attention both in the academic and non-academic domains. Industry 4.0 was a term coined in 2011 in Germany. Since then, the academic literature describing and analyzing I4.0 technologies has grown considerably. While so-called Industry 3.0 introduced computers, Industry 4.0 is characterized by advancements in computing technology including expanded digitalization in logistics, cognitive and connected machines in various industrial processes, and data analytics.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α
Aging is one of the hottest topics in biomedical research. Advances in research and medicine have helped to preserve human health, leading to an extension of life expectancy. However, the extension of life is an irreversible process accompanied by the development of aging-related conditions such as weakness, slower metabolism, and stiffness of vessels. It also debated that aging can be considered an actual disease with aging-derived comorbidities, including cancer or cardiovascular disease. Currently, cardiovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, are considered premature aging and represent the first causes of death in developed countries, accounting for 31% of annual deaths globally. Emerging evidence has identified hypoxia-inducible factor-1α as a critical transcription factor with an essential role in aging-related pathology, in particular, regulating cellular senescence associated with cardiovascular aging.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Gut-Brain Axis in IBD
The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system driven by neural, hormonal, metabolic, immunological, and microbial signals. Signaling events from the gut can modulate brain function and recent evidence suggests that the gut–brain axis may play a pivotal role in linking gastrointestinal and neurological diseases. Accordingly, accumulating evidence has suggested a link between inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and neurodegenerative, as well as neuroinflammatory diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Monocytes’ and Macrophages’ Proinflammatory Immune Response
Monocytes and macrophages are a central component of the innate immune system and exert an important function in orchestrating inflammation.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Aptamer-Mediated Precision Therapy for Hematologic Malignancy
Hematologic malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, myeloproliferative disorder and plasma cell neoplasia, are genetically heterogeneous and characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of their corresponding cell lineages in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, tissues or plasma. Although there are many types of therapeutic drugs available for the treatment of different malignancies, the relapse, drug resistance and severe side effects due to the lack of selectivity seriously limit their clinical application. Aptamers are ssDNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can also precisely deliver therapeutic agents into cancer cells through specifically recognizing the membrane protein on cancer cells, which is similar to the capabilities of monoclonal antibodies. Aptamers exhibit higher binding affinity, lower immunogenicity and higher thermal stability than antibodies.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Challenge of Global Warming in Water Buffalo Farming
Global warming (GW) is a current challenge for livestock systems, including water buffalo farms. Buffaloes have anatomical traits such as thick skin and a high density of capillaries and arterioles to improve sensitive heat losses. However, they are exposed to high temperatures and tropical and humid climates that make them susceptible to heat stress.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Nov 2023
Topic Review
EIF5A in Mitochondrial Function
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that binds ribosomes to facilitate the translation of peptide motifs with consecutive prolines or combinations of prolines with glycine and charged amino acids. It has also been linked to other molecular functions and cellular processes, such as nuclear mRNA export and mRNA decay, proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, and apoptosis. The growing interest in eIF5A relates to its association with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer, viral infection, and diabetes. It has also been proposed as an anti-aging factor: its levels decay in aged cells, whereas increasing levels of active eIF5A result in the rejuvenation of the immune and vascular systems and improved brain cognition. Data have linked the role of eIF5A in some pathologies with its function in maintaining healthy mitochondria. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A is upregulated under respiratory metabolism and its deficiency reduces oxygen consumption, ATP production, and the levels of several mitochondrial metabolic enzymes, as well as altering mitochondria dynamics. However, although all the accumulated data strongly link eIF5A to mitochondrial function, the precise molecular role and mechanisms involved are still unknown. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Drosophila are a well-suited model to unravel the fundamental mechanisms that constitute the innate immune response. NF-κB was originally identified as a DNA-binding activity protein in activated B cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cluster (Spacecraft)
Cluster was a constellation of four European Space Agency spacecraft which were launched on the maiden flight of the Ariane 5 rocket, Flight 501, and subsequently lost when that rocket failed to achieve orbit. The launch, which took place on Tuesday, 4 June 1996, ended in failure due to multiple errors in the software design: Dead code (running, but intentionally so only for Ariane 4) with inadequate protection against integer overflow led to an exception handled inappropriately—halting the whole inertial navigation system that otherwise would have been unaffected. This resulted in the rocket veering off its flight path 37 seconds after launch, beginning to disintegrate under high aerodynamic forces, and finally self-destructing by its automated flight termination system. The failure has become known as one of the most infamous and expensive software bugs in history. The failure resulted in a loss of more than US$370 million.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Degradation Processes for Microplastics
Microplastics (MPs) have been shown to be more hazardous than large plastics. Many studies have confirmed the hazards of MPs to organisms and summarized various MP degradation techniques, but there is a lack of discussion on the prospects of the application of these degradation techniques and their degradation efficiency.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Personal Development of Doctoral Students
Personal development refers to the process of increasing one’s self-awareness, associated increases of self-esteem, increasing skills, and fulfilling one’s aspirations. The current paper reflects on these elements within the doctoral journey, for PhD students within the UK Higher Education system. The paper makes particular reference to frameworks to encourage and capture personal development needs and supervision or coaching styles that may be used to encourage a continual reflection of personal development throughout the doctorate.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Mar 2025
Topic Review
SPR and LSPR-based virus sensors
SPR and LSPR-based virus sensors amplify the signal response of samples at extremely low concentrations, which is otherwise difficult to read and analyze using conventional methods. Commercially available virus detection systems, except PCR, are easy to use and can process multiple samples but have considerable sensitivity limitations, resulting in false negatives. The detection methods based on SPR and LSPR require only virus capturing at the sensor site, rendering the methods simple and highly sensitive.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacogenetics of Dox Metabolism
The effectiveness and safety of the anti-cancer agent doxorubicin (Dox) (anthracycline group medicine) depend on the metabolism and retention of the drug in the human organism. Polymorphism of cytochrome p450 (CYP)-encoding genes and detoxifying enzymes such as CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 were found responsible for variations in the doxorubicin metabolism. Transmembrane transporters such as p-glycoproteins were reported to be involved in cancer tissue retention of doxorubicin. The metabolic transformation of Dox may follow several pathways, including two-electron reduction with the formation of doxorubicinol, one-electron reduction with the formation of semiquinone, and deglycosylation with the formation of aglycone. Several enzymes have been shown to be involved in this process. Doxorubicinol is considered the most dangerous metabolite of Dox degradation, as it may disturb iron and calcium balances.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Long-Tailed Unconventional Class I Myosins
Long-tailed unconventional class I myosin , Myosin 1E (MYO 1E) and Myosin 1F (MYO1F) are motor proteins that use chemical energy from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to produce mechanical work along the actin cytoskeleton. On the basis of their motor properties and structural features, myosins perform a variety of essential roles in physiological processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, cell adhesion, and migration. The long tailed unconventional class I myosins are characterized by having a conserved motor head domain, which binds actin and hydrolyzes ATP, followed by a short neck with an isoleucine-glutamine (IQ) motif, which binds calmodulin and is sensitive to calcium, and a tail that contains a pleckstrin homology domain (PH), a tail homology 1 domain (TH1), wherein these domains allow membrane binding, a tail homology 2 domain (TH2), an ATP-insensitive actin-binding site domain, and a single Src homology 3 domain (SH3) susceptible to binding proline rich regions in other proteins. Therefore, these motor proteins are able to bind actin, plasma membrane, and other molecules (adaptor, kinases, membrane proteins) that contribute to their function, ranging from increasing membrane tension to molecular trafficking and cellular adhesion. MYO1E and MYO1F function in host self-defense, with a better defined role in innate immunity in cell migration and phagocytosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Carbon-Based Nanomolecules Interacting with Proteins
Scientists are designing new ways to combine proteins and carbon-based nanomomecules. We review strategies of selecting proteins able to interact with proteins and typical van der Waals interactions. Proteins and carbon based nanomomecules can form ordered clusters of hybrid materials and will guide new projects for bioimaging tools and tuning of intrinsically disordered proteins.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cockayne Syndrome
Cockayne syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by an abnormally small head size (microcephaly), a failure to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive) leading to very short stature, and delayed development.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
X-linked Sideroblastic Anemia
X-linked sideroblastic anemia is an inherited disorder that prevents developing red blood cells (erythroblasts) from making enough hemoglobin, which is the protein that carries oxygen in the blood.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
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