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Topic Review
Grocery Apps and Consumer Purchase Behavior
The usage of the internet and cell phones for commercial reasons between firms and individuals (B2C) has been quickly increasing around the world, as customers gain confidence in receiving the intended goods and in the payment transaction. The grocery and food retailing industry is no exception, as it has seen an unexpected increase in consumer base and expenditure on grocery products via online platforms. According to market surveys, an increasing number of smartphone users and a growing number of young professionals are driving this change. The rise of mobile food shopping is a worldwide phenomenon.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ASCOBANS
ASCOBANS is a regional agreement on the protection of small cetaceans that was concluded as the “Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas” under the auspices of the UNEP Convention on Migratory Species, or Bonn Convention, in September 1991 and came into force in March 1994. In February 2008, an extension of the agreement area came into force which changed the name to “Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas”. ASCOBANS covers all species of toothed whales (Odontoceti) in the Agreement Area, with the exception of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus).
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
P2Y1 Receptor as a Catalyst of Brain Neurodegeneration
Different brain disorders display distinctive etiologies and pathogenic mechanisms. However, they also share pathogenic events. One event systematically occurring in different brain disorders, both acute and chronic, is the increase of the extracellular ATP levels. Accordingly, several P2 (ATP/ADP) and P1 (adenosine) receptors, as well as the ectoenzymes involved in the extracellular catabolism of ATP, have been associated to different brain pathologies, either with a neuroprotective or neurodegenerative action. The P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R) is one of the purinergic receptors associated to different brain diseases. It has a widespread regional, cellular, and subcellular distribution in the brain, it is capable of modulating synaptic function and neuronal activity, and it is particularly important in the control of astrocytic activity and in astrocyte–neuron communication. In diverse brain pathologies, there is growing evidence of a noxious gain-of-function of P2Y1R favoring neurodegeneration by promoting astrocyte hyperactivity, entraining Ca2+-waves, and inducing the release of glutamate by directly or indirectly recruiting microglia and/or by increasing the susceptibility of neurons to damage.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Triacontanol
1-Triacontanol is a fatty alcohol of the general formula C30H62O, also known as melissyl alcohol or myricyl alcohol. It is found in plant cuticle waxes and in beeswax. Triacontanol is a growth stimulant for many plants, most notably roses, in which it rapidly increases the number of basal breaks. 1-Triacontanol or n-triacontanol is a natural plant growth regulator. It has been widely used to enhance the yield of various crops around the world, mainly in Asia. . Triacontanol has been reported to increase the growth of plants by enhancing the rates of photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, the transport of nutrients in a plant and enzyme activity, reducing complex carbohydrates among many other purposes. The fatty alcohol appears to increase the physiological efficiency of plant cells and boost the potential of the cells responsible for the growth and maturity of a plant.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Incorporated Gelatin Methacryloyl Nanocomposites
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based composites are evolving three-dimensional (3D) networking hydrophilic protein composite scaffolds with high water content. These protein composites have been devoted to biomedical applications due to their unique abilities, such as flexibility, soft structure, versatility, stimuli-responsiveness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and others.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Methionine and Stemness
Stem cells are a population of undifferentiated cells with self-renewal and differentiation capacities. Normal and cancer stem cells share similar characteristics in relation to their stemness properties. One-carbon metabolism (OCM), a network of interconnected reactions, plays an important role in this dependence through its role in the endogenous synthesis of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the universal donor of methyl groups in eukaryotic cells. OCM genes are differentially expressed in stem cells, compared to their differentiated counterparts. Furthermore, cultivating stem cells in methionine-restricted conditions hinders their stemness capacities through decreased SAM levels with a subsequent decrease in histone methylation, notably H3K4me3, with a decrease in stem cell markers. Stem cells’ reliance on methionine is linked to several mechanisms, including high methionine flux or low endogenous methionine biosynthesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Microbial Surfactants: Sustainable Class of Versatile Molecules
Microbial Surfactants are the class of surfactants produced by microbes like bacteria, fungi or yeast. Due to their easy biodegradability, and less toxicity, this class is gaining huge interests of scientists, researchers, environmentalists and industrialists. Current article throws some light on the introduction and classification of microbial surfactants. Some properties og microbial surfactants has also been discussed in the same. Industrial Applications of Microbial surfactants will be discussed below.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Nanofluids Formulation, Characterization, and Stability
Nanofluids (NFs) synthesized via the suspension of diverse nanoparticles into conventional thermal fluids are known to exhibit better thermal, optical, tribological, and convective properties, photothermal conversion, and heat transfer performance in comparison with traditional thermal fluids. Stability is pivotal to NF preparation, properties, performance, and application. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Zika Vaccine Development
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging arthropod-borne flavivirus.The situation prompted scientists to increase research on antivirals and vaccines against the virus. These efforts are still ongoing as the pathogenesis and immune evasion mechanisms of ZIKV have not yet been fully elucidated. Understanding the viral disease mechanism will provide a better landscape to develop prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against ZIKV. Currently, no specific vaccines or drugs have been approved for ZIKV. However, some are undergoing clinical trials. Notably, different platforms have been evaluated for the design of vaccines, including DNA, mRNA, viral vectors, virus-like particles (VLPs), inactivated virus, live attenuated virus, peptide and protein-based vaccines, passive immunizations by using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and vaccines that target vector-derived antigens. These vaccines have been shown to induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses and reduce viremia and viral RNA titers, both in vitro and in vivo.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Rehabilitation of Gait and Balance in Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a congenital and permanent neurological disorder due to non-progressive brain damage that affects gross motor functions, such as balance, trunk control and gait. CP gross motor impairments yield more challenging right foot placement during gait phases, as well as the correct direction of the whole-body center of mass with a stability reduction and an increase in falling and tripping. For these reasons, robotic devices, thanks to their biomechanical features, can adapt easily to CP children, allowing better motor recovery and enjoyment. In fact, physiotherapists should consider each pathological gait feature to provide the patient with the best possible rehabilitation strategy and reduce extra energy efforts and the risk of falling in children affected by CP.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Trends in Hydrogen Storage
Hydrogen is one of the most abundant elements in the universe and ranks as the initial element on the periodic table. Hydrogen storage is one of the most difficult tasks. Hydrogen is kept in special materials and high-pressure tanks, such as those seen in such vehicles as cars and trains. These tanks are not only huge and expensive to construct, but they are also unsuitable for recycling and long-term storage. Because of this, researchers from all around the world are working to find ways to address these limitations and fully use hydrogen. Hydrogen has the advantage of being able to be kept in a variety of forms, including gaseous, liquid, and sometimes solid, despite the fact that storage poses major difficulties.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain Proteins in Pulmonary Diseases
Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins are epigenetic modulators that regulate gene transcription through interacting with acetylated lysine residues of histone proteins. BET proteins have multiple roles in regulating key cellular functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, oxidative and redox balance, and immune responses. As a result, BET proteins have been found to be actively involved in a broad range of human lung diseases including acute lung inflammation, asthma, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Due to the identification of specific small molecular inhibitors of BET proteins, targeting BET in these lung diseases has become an area of increasing interest. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the beneficial effects of BET inhibitors in preclinical models of various human lung diseases. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Gender Equality in the Indian Agricultural Sector
The Indian agricultural sector is the world’s largest producer of pulses, milk, and jute, and the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, vegetables, fruit, and cotton. Climate change threatens food security worldwide and severely impacts the Indian agricultural sector. As a result of the unpredictable climate and low profits, economic uncertainty has forced men to seek employment in non-farming sectors. Under the deepening crisis, the farming landscape is transforming into a female-majority workforce. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Residential Consumers’ Lifestyle Energy in Malaysia Selected States
Individual data about energy-related behaviour is classified in six primary areas, namely, housing, mobility, diet, consumption, leisure activities, and information.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Corrosion of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
The orthodontic supply market is a prosperous billion-dollar industry, driven by an increasing demand for orthodontic appliances. The supremacy of metallic first-generation biomaterials is evident for manufacturing brackets, archwires, bands, and other components due to their well-recognized chemical inertness, spontaneous passivation, biocompatibility, and favorable mechanical properties combination. However, the oral cavity is the ultimate corrosion-promoting environment for any metallic material.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Syncope Management
Syncope is a highly prevalent clinical condition characterized by a rapid, complete, and brief loss of consciousness, followed by full recovery caused by cerebral hypoperfusion. This symptom carries significance, as its potential underlying causes may involve the heart, blood pressure, or brain, leading to a spectrum of consequences, from sudden death to compromised quality of life. Various factors contribute to syncope, and adhering to a precise diagnostic pathway can enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Glymphatic System and Neuropathologies
The lack of a conventional lymphatic system that permeates throughout the entire human brain has encouraged the identification and study of alternative clearance routes within the cerebrum. In 2012, the concept of the glymphatic system, a perivascular network that fluidically connects the cerebrospinal fluid to the lymphatic vessels within the meninges via the interstitium, emerged. Although its exact mode of action has not yet been fully characterized, the key underlying processes that govern solute transport and waste clearance have been identified. 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Tetrazoles as Antidiabetic Agents
Tetrazole heterocycle is a promising scaffold in drug design, and it is incorporated into active pharmaceutical ingredients of medications of various actions: hypotensives, diuretics, antihistamines, antibiotics, analgesics, and others. This heterocyclic system is metabolically stable and easily participates in various intermolecular interactions with different biological targets through hydrogen bonding, conjugation, or van der Waals forces.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Oenological Tool
Any oenological tool is expected to reveal its goodness once it is used during winemaking. An oenological tool can be any type of element whose use can improve both the winemaking process and the final result. Therefore, use of natural elements such as bee pollen, thanks to its rich composition, could provide nutrients to yeasts and improve fermentation kinetics.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Prion Organotypic Slice Culture
The prion organotypic slice culture assay (POSCA) is a cerebellar slice culture that was originally developed to take advantage of the transmissible nature of prions, propagating prion infection ex vivo. Because much of the cytoarchitexture is preserved, this system allows the study of pathogenesis in an open system and is amenable to manipulation of cell types and testing of therapeutics. The culture has been adapted to other brain areas, different prion strains, and has also been applied to other neurodegenerative diseases that are prion-like in their transmissible propagation of protein misfolding, including Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington’s disease. This entry provides a review of POSCA as used in the prion field. For a review of its application to other neurodegenerative diseases, please see the associated review article in Biomolecules.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Aug 2020
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