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Topic Review
COVID-19 Detection Based on ECG Processing
The World Health Organization (WHO) has been on alert since early 2020 regarding the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). With well over 6 million deaths worldwide, the scientific community is developing new ways to detect the disease. As one of the most used clinical examination methods, it is of great importance to study the changes in the electrocardiographic (ECG) activity, as well as to understand the ECG features related to COVID-19.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Functional Role of STING
The cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes viral DNA present in the cytosol, activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein and leading to the production of type I interferons (IFN-I). Given its role in innate immunity activation, STING is considered an interesting and innovative target for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Marker-Assisted Selection in Breeding for Fruit Trait Improvement
Fruit species breeding takes a lot of effort and time. Trees are probably the worst species to work with in terms of genetics and breeding, with very few exceptions. Large trees, protracted juvenile phases, intensive farming methods, and, despite vegetatively propagation, environmental variability play a significant role in the heritability assessments of each individual important trait. Fruit breeders frequently focus on traits specific to each species, including size, weight, sugar and acid content, ripening time, fruit storability, and post-harvest procedures. Tens of thousands of fruit genomes could be mined for sequence variants that could serve as molecular markers thanks to the availability of powerful software tools and updated sequencing techniques.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Interactions with the Host Cell Nucleus
SARS-CoV-2 components disturb the transport of certain proteins through the nuclear pores. Some SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins such as Spike (S) and Nucleocapsid (N), most non-structural proteins (remarkably, Nsp1 and Nsp3), as well as some accessory proteins (ORF3d, ORF6, ORF9a) can reach the nucleoplasm either due to their nuclear localization signals (NLS) or taking a shuttle with other proteins. A percentage of SARS-CoV-2 RNA can also reach the nucleoplasm. Remarkably, controversy has recently been raised by proving that-at least under certain conditions-, SARS-CoV-2 sequences can be retrotranscribed and inserted as DNA in the host genome, giving rise to chimeric genes. In turn, the expression of viral-host chimeric proteins could potentially create neo-antigens, activate autoimmunity and promote a chronic pro-inflammatory state.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Conservation Tillage in Medicinal Plant Production
The application of no-tillage (NT) has a long history and can reduce tillage frequency and intensity and protect soil from erosion and deterioration. NT is often combined with organic mulch to significantly reduce soil disturbance. NT and stover mulching have the advantages of saving manpower and resources and improving soil quality, crop yield, and quality. The ecological and economic benefits of NT in long-term medicinal plant cultivation could be prominent. Soil health is associated with various agronomic and environmental benefits, which are deemed essential for the optimal production of medicinal plants. Soil health indicators include physical, chemical, biological, and other ones, all of which can be influenced by NT and relevant manipulations.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Machine Learning in Fluid Mechanics
The significant growth of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) has opened opportunities for fluid dynamics and its applications in science, engineering and medicine. Developing AI methods for fluid dynamics encompass different challenges than applications with massive data, such as the Internet of Things.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Camelina sativa as an Allelopathic Potential Cover Crop
Camelina sativa, known for its high oil content and adaptability to diverse climatic conditions, exhibits allelopathic potential by releasing chemical compounds that inhibit weed growth. The crop’s vigorous growth and canopy architecture contribute to effective weed suppression, reducing the prevalence and spread of associated pathogens. Furthermore, the chemical compounds released by camelina through the solubilization of compounds from leaves by rain, root exudation, or deriving from microbial-mediated decay of camelina’s tissues interfere with the growth of neighbouring plants, indicating allelopathic interactions. The isolation and identification of benzylamine and glucosinolates as allelochemicals in camelina highlight their role in plant–plant interactions. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Public Art Design in Urban Landscapes
As urbanization quickens, the role of public art in urban landscape design gains prominence. Nevertheless, how stylistic characteristics of landscape public art affect aesthetic preferences remains insufficiently discussed, particularly with objective assessment methods. The use of event-related potential (ERP) can offer neurophysiological evidence to support research and practice in landscape art design. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Short-tailed Mongoose
The Short-tailed Mongoose, scientifically known as Herpestes brachyurus, is a small carnivorous mammal found in various habitats across Southeast Asia. Characterized by its compact body, short tail, and agile movements, this mongoose species is known for its elusive nature and nocturnal habits. Despite its relatively small size, the Short-tailed Mongoose is a formidable predator, preying on a variety of small vertebrates and insects within its range.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
In order to develop highly efficient and stable catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that do not contain precious metals, it is necessary to modify carbon nanotubes (CNT) and define the effect of the modification on their activity in the ORR. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Lipid-Based Nano-Systems
Lipid-based delivery systems can be similarly designed to encapsulate and protect bioactive ingredients and enhance their functionality, stability, and bioavailability. Lipid-based delivery systems are composed of lipids such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and waxes, which form a stable matrix that can encapsulate various types of bioactive ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, and flavonoids.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Herbaceous and Woody Bioenergy Crop
Enhancement of terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration on marginal lands in Canada using bioenergy crops was investigated. This study quantified the long-term C sequestration potentials at the system-level in nine-year-old (2009–2018) woody (poplar clone 2293–29 (Populus spp.), hybrid willow clone SX-67 (Salix miyabeana)), and herbaceous (miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus var. Nagara), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)) bioenergy crop production systems on marginal lands in Southern Ontario, Canada. Woody crops and switchgrass were able to increase SOC significantly over the tested period. However, when long term soil organic carbon (∆SOC) gains were compared, woody and herbaceous biomass crops gained 11.0 and 9.8 Mg C ha−1, respectively, which were not statistically different. Results also indicate a significantly higher total C pool [aboveground + belowground + soil organic carbon] in the willow (103 Mg ha−1) biomass system compared to other bioenergy crops. In the nine-year study period, woody crops had only 1.35 Mg C ha−1 more system-level C gain (SLCG), suggesting that the influence of woody and herbaceous biomass crops on SLCG and ∆SOC sequestrations were similar. Further, among all tested biomass crops, willow had the highest annual SLCG of 1.66 Mg C ha−1 y−1.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
GaoFen-4 Images of Coastal Zones
Cloud-cover information is important for a wide range of scientific studies, such as the studies on water supply, climate change, earth energy budget, etc. In remote sensing, correct detection of clouds plays a crucial role in deriving the physical properties associated with clouds that exert a significant impact on the radiation budget of planet earth. Although the traditional cloud detection methods have generally performed well, these methods were usually developed specifically for particular sensors in a particular region with a particular underlying surface (e.g., land, water, vegetation, and man-made objects). Coastal regions are known to have a variety of underlying surfaces, which represent a major challenge in cloud detection. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for developing a cloud detection method that could be applied to a variety of sensors, situations, and underlying surfaces. In the present study, a cloud detection method based on spatial and spectral uniformity of clouds was developed. In addition to having a spatially uniform texture, a spectrally approximate value was also present between the blue and green bands of the cloud region. The blue and green channel data appeared more uniform over the cloudy region, i.e., the entropy of the cloudy region was lower than that of the cloud-free region. On the basis of this difference in entropy, it would be possible to categorize the satellite images into cloud region images and cloud-free region images. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed method was validated by applying it to the data from various sensors across the coastal zone of the South China Sea. The experimental results demonstrated that compared to the existing operational algorithms, EN-clustering exhibited higher accuracy and scalability, and also performed robustly regardless of the spatial resolution of the different satellite images. It is concluded that the EN-clustering algorithm proposed in the present study is applicable to different sensors, different underlying surfaces, and different regions, with the support of NDSI and NDBI indices to remove the interference information from snow, ice, and man-made objects.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Ozanimod
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent and debilitating neurologic condition characterized by widespread neurodegeneration and the formation of focal demyelinating plaques in the central nervous system. Current therapeutic options are complex and attempt to manage acute relapse, modify disease, and manage symptoms. Such therapies often prove insufficient alone and highlight the need for more targeted MS treatments with reduced systemic side effect profiles. Ozanimod is a novel S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate) receptor modulator used for the treatment of clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing–remitting, and secondary progressive forms of multiple sclerosis. It selectively modulates S1P1 and S1P5 receptors to prevent autoreactive lymphocytes from entering the CNS where they can promote nerve damage and inflammation. Ozanimod was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for the management of multiple sclerosis in March 2020 and has been proved to be both effective and well tolerated. Of note, ozanimod is associated with the following complications: increased risk of infections, liver injury, fetal risk, increased blood pressure, respiratory effects, macular edema, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, among others. Further investigation including head-to-head clinical trials is warranted to evaluate the efficacy of ozanimod compared with other S1P1 receptor modulators.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Stargardt Macular Degeneration
Stargardt macular degeneration is a genetic eye disorder that causes progressive vision loss.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
FFEVF
Familial focal epilepsy with variable foci (FFEVF) is an uncommon form of recurrent seizures (epilepsy) that runs in families.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Malarial Protozoan Parasites Infection
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Plasmodium genus through the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes, affecting 228 million people and causing 415 thousand deaths in 2018. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the most recommended treatment for malaria; however, the emergence of multidrug resistance has unfortunately limited their effects and challenged the field.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Radiographic Imaging with Muons
Radiographic imaging with muons, also called Muography, is based on the measurement of the absorption of muons, generated by the interaction of cosmic rays with the earth’s atmosphere, in matter. Muons are elementary particles with high penetrating power, a characteristic that makes them capable of crossing bodies of dimensions of the order of hundreds of meters. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Light at Night and Associated Neuronal Changes
Artificial light at night (ALAN) has changed the pattern of the natural day-night environment. In recent times, a good amount of focus has been put on the research related with changes in night illumination due to rapid urbanization. It has shown to affect circadian rhythms that regulate almost all physiological processes in animals including sleep and cognition. In the early 2010s, most behavioural and molecular studies of light at night were focused on nocturnal rodents. However, until recently, songbirds have taken the front seat, as most are diurnal and show higher cognitive behaviour like mammalian model systems. Artificial light at night (ALAN) affects circadian rhythms and physiology in songbirds. Most of the studies, both in wild and captive birds, have shown negative consequences of ALAN on daily timing, sleep, physiology and higher brain functions.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Fructose and Gut Microbiota
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose and galactose. As eating a fructose-rich diet is becoming more common, the effects of maternal fructose intake on offspring health is of increasing relevance. The gut is required to process fructose, and a high-fructose diet can alter the gut microbiome, resulting in gut dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Mar 2022
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