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Topic Review
Leukemia Cutis
Leukemia cutis (LC) is defined as the leukemic infiltration of the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue. Leukemia cutis may follow or occur simultaneously with the diagnosis of systemic leukemia. However, cutaneous lesions are occasionally diagnosed as the primary manifestation of leukemia. Leukemic skin infiltrations demonstrate considerable variation regarding a number of changes, distribution, and morphology. The highest incidence of LC is observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, monocytic and myelomonocytic acute myeloid leukemia, and T-cell lineage leukemia. Leukemic skin lesions may be localized or disseminated and may occur alone or in combination on any site of the skin, most frequently in the trunk and extremities. The most common clinical presentations of leukemia cutis are papules, nodules, macules, plaques, and ulcers. In most patients, the complete or partial resolution of cutaneous infiltrations occurs simultaneously with hematologic remission. However, in patients with resistant disease or recurrent skin infiltration, local radiotherapy can be used. 
  • 515
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Management of Patients with Lower-Risk Myelodysplastic Neoplasms
Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) are a heterogenous group of clonal hematologic disorders characterized by morphologic dysplasia, ineffective hematopoiesis, and cytopenia. These three developments allow for more tailored therapeutic decision-making in view of the expanding treatment options in MDS. For patients with lower risk MDS, treatment is aimed at improving cytopenias, usually anemia. The approval of luspatercept and decitabine/cedazuridine have added on to the current armamentarium of erythropoietic stimulating agents and lenalidomide (for MDS with isolated deletion 5q). Several newer agents are being evaluated in phase 3 clinical trials for this group of patients, such as imetelstat and oral azacitidine. 
  • 510
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome Environments and Lymphomagenesis
The gut microbiome is increasingly being recognized as an important immunologic environment, with direct links to the host immune system. The scale of the gut microbiome’s genomic repertoire extends the capacity of its host’s genome by providing additional metabolic output, and the close communication between gut microbiota and mucosal immune cells provides a continued opportunity for immune education. The relationship between the gut microbiome and the host immune system has important implications for oncologic disease, including lymphoma, a malignancy derived from within the immune system itself.
  • 507
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota Changes during Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation
Microbiota changes during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has several known causes: conditioning chemotherapy and radiation, broad-spectrum antibiotic administration, modification in nutrition status and diet, and graft-versus-host disease.
  • 480
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gene Alterations in BCR::ABL1-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
BCR::ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of hematopoietic malignancies in which somatic mutations are acquired in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, resulting in an abnormal increase in blood cells in peripheral blood and fibrosis in bone marrow. Mutations in JAK2, MPL, and CALR are frequently found in BCR::ABL1-negative MPNs, and detecting typical mutations in these three genes has become essential for the diagnosis of BCR::ABL1-negative MPNs. Furthermore, comprehensive gene mutation and expression analyses performed using massively parallel sequencing have identified gene mutations associated with the prognosis of BCR::ABL1-negative MPNs such as ASXL1, EZH2, IDH1/2, SRSF2, and U2AF1.
  • 454
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
CAR-T Cell Therapy in Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a group of cancers that originate in the lymphatic system, especially from progenitor or mature B-cells, T-cells, or natural killer (NK) cells. NHL is the most common hematological malignancy worldwide and also the fourth most frequent type of cancer among pediatric patients. This cancer can occur in children of any age, but it is quite rare under the age of 5 years. In recent decades, available medicines and therapies have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with this cancer. However, some cases of NHL are treatment resistant. For this reason, immunotherapy, as a more targeted and personalized treatment strategy, is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of NHL in pediatric patients.
  • 452
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Philadelphia-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Resource-Constrained Settings
Remarkable strides have been performed in the treatment of adults diagnosed with Philadelphia-positive lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) through the integration of newer-generation tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that most medical centers worldwide lack access to these therapies. As a result, primary strategies employed for curing this disease continue to rely on a combination of chemotherapy and allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. 
  • 446
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Neurological Emergencies,  Endocrinological Emergencies and Vascular Emergencies
It is now known that cancer is a major public health problem; on the other hand, it is less known, or rather, often underestimated, that a significant percentage of cancer patients will experience a cancer-related emergency. 
  • 432
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Harnessing Immune Response in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal disease characterized by a broad spectrum of cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities that influence clinical outcomes. Despite the results achieved with the evolution of conventional chemotherapy and the inclusion of targeted therapies in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), survival is still not satisfying, in particular in the setting of relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease or elderly/unfit patients. Among the most innovative therapeutic options, cellular therapy has shown great results in different hematological malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphomas, with several products already approved for clinical use. 
  • 428
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Acquired Isolated Factor VII Deficiency in Plasma Cell
Acquired isolated factor VII (FVII) deficiency is a rare but important discovery in patients with plasma cell disorders with significant therapeutic and prognostic implications. The discovery of acquired FVII deficiency in a patient with multiple myeloma (MM) or monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) should prompt an evaluation for AL amyloidosis, particularly for amyloid hepatosplenic involvement, whenever not previously documented. Acquired FVII deficiency in patients with MM and AL amyloidosis is frequently associated with severe bleeding diathesis, also related to a number of concomitant predisposing factors, adversely affecting the outcome. The prompt institution of a rapidly acting therapy is crucial to prevent severe bleeding complications and positively impact outcome. Recombinant activated factor VII (rVIIa) may represent a useful supportive care measure, both in treating active bleeding and in the peri-procedural setting. However, further clinical experience is needed to optimize the therapeutic management of this rare disorder.
  • 417
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
New Settings of CAR-T Cell Therapy for Lymphoma
Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has led to a treatment paradigm shift for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, first with the approval for relapsed/refractory (R/R) large B-cell lymphomas and subsequently for R/R mantle cell and follicular lymphoma. Many efforts are continuously being made to extend the therapeutic setting in the lymphoma field. Several reports are supporting the safety and efficacy of CAR-T cells in patients with central nervous system disease involvement. Anti-CD30 CAR-T cells for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma are in development and early studies looking for the optimal target for T-cell malignancies are ongoing. Anti-CD19/CD20 and CD19/CD22 dual targeting CAR-T cells are under investigation in order to increase anti-lymphoma activity and overcome tumor immune escape. Allogeneic CAR product engineering is on the way, representing a rapidly accessible ‘off-the-shelf’ and potentially more fit product. 
  • 407
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lupus Anticoagulant Detection under Magnifying Glass
Diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) requires the presence of a clinical criterion (thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity), combined with persistently circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Lupus anticoagulant (LA) is one of the three laboratory parameters (the others being antibodies to either cardiolipin or β2-glycoprotein I) that defines this rare but potentially devastating condition. For the search for aCL and aβ2-GP-I, traditionally measured with immunological solid-phase assays (ELISA), several different assays and detection techniques are available, thus making these tests relatively reliable and widespread. On the other hand, LA detection is based on functional coagulation procedures that are characterized by poor standardization, difficulties in interpreting the results, and interference by several drugs commonly used in the clinical settings in which LA search is appropriate. 
  • 399
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
p38 as Molecular Target in Multiple Myeloma Therapy
Resistance to therapy and disease progression are the main causes of mortality in most cancers. In particular, the development of resistance is an important limitation affecting the efficacy of therapeutic alternatives for cancer, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Signaling pathways are largely responsible for the mechanisms of resistance to cancer treatment and progression, and multiple myeloma is no exception. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) is downstream of several signaling pathways specific to treatment resistance and progression.
  • 358
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Immune based treatments (ITs) represent one of the most important strategies in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), like allogeneic stem cell transplant. however, ITs clinical development in AML is still in its infancy. This work provides up to date information on current research in the field.
  • 349
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Application of Viscoelastic Testing in Patient Blood Management
Patient blood management (PBM) is a multidisciplinary approach aimed at improving patient outcomes through targeted anemia treatment that minimizes allogeneic blood transfusions, employs blood conservation techniques, and avoids inappropriate use of blood product transfusions. Viscoelastic testing (VET) techniques, such as thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), have led to significant advancements in PBM. These techniques offer real-time whole-blood assessment of hemostatic function. This provides the clinician with a more complete hemostasis perspective compared to that provided by conventional coagulation tests (CCTs), such as the prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), which only assess plasma-based coagulation. VET does this by mapping the complex processes of clot formation, stability, and breakdown (i.e., fibrinolysis). As a result of real-time whole-blood coagulation assessment during hemorrhage, hemostasis can be achieved through targeted transfusion therapy. This approach helps fulfill an objective of PBM by helping to reduce unnecessary transfusions. However, challenges remain that limit broader adoption of VET, particularly in hospital settings. Of these, standardization and the high cost of the devices are those that are faced the most. This discussion highlights the potential of VET application in PBM to guide blood-clotting therapies and improve outcomes in patients with coagulopathies from various causes that result in hemorrhage. Another aim of this discussion is to highlight the limitations of implementing these technologies so that appropriate measures can be taken toward their wider integration into clinical use.
  • 223
  • 05 Aug 2025
Topic Review
A New Paradigm for Bio-osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure (OP) is widely recognized as a crucial driving force for the flow of body fluids. To provide a reasonable explanation for osmosis-dependent pathophysiological phenomena in live cells, we establish fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based intermediate filament (IF) tension probes, converting the osmotic effect into optical signals. We then propose the theory of bio-osmotic pressure (bio-OP), which relies on the selective permeability of ion channels and water flux. Protein nanoparticles (PNs) play a crucial role in modulating transmembrane osmotic gradient by regulating the electrical activity of plasma membrane and voltage-dependent ion channels. Different ion compositions exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effects on PNs-induced electrical activity. As a result, PNs are crucial for maintaining intracellular osmotic effect. PNs, in collaboration with changes in ions and water, establish a new homeostasis in membrane potential and bio-OP. This collaboration leads to the synergistic regulation of electromechanical activity involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases associated with bio-OP, such as brain edema. 
  • 54
  • 14 Jan 2026
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