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Topic Review
Graphene Oxide as an Implant Coating in Dentistry
Dental materials used for reconstructing tooth defects can be improved with graphene oxide (GO), dental implants can be coated using GO, it can be used in tissue engineering in order to repair bone defects and it can also be used to suppress cariogenic biofilm formation. Additionally, GO has also been promoted as a good candidate for neural implants, not only because it provides outstanding resistance to corrosion, but also because it promotes the growth of neuronal cells and reduces ROS expression.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biochar as Alternative Material for Heavy Metal Adsorption
Biochar is a specific carbon obtained by a pyrolysis process from different feedstocks, as an alternative material for heavy metal adsorption from groundwater. Many studies have been conducted regarding the application of innovative materials to water decontamination to develop a more sustainable approach to remediation processes. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Vesicular Systems for Advanced Drug Delivery
Erythromycin (ERY) is a macrolide compound with a broad antimicrobial spectrum which is currently being used to treat a large number of bacterial infections affecting the skin, respiratory tract, intestines, bones and other systems, proving great value from a clinical point of view. Despite this major advantage, ERY has low water solubility and is not stable under acidic conditions which leads to a limited efficacy and bioavailability. Apart from this, higher doses promote drug resistance and undesirable effects. In order to overcome these disadvantages, during the past decades, a large variety of ERY formulations, including nanoparticles, have emerged. This work presents the preparation and performances reported for ERY vesicles, such as liposomes, ethosomes, niosomes, micelles, cubosomes and solid lipid nano(micro) particles. 
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wheat Based Film
Wheat is a grass plant of the Poaceae plants family; the scientific name of wheat plant is Triticum.  Due to its mechanical and physical properties, wheat starch, gluten, and fiber are vital in the biopolymer industry. Glycerol as a plasticizer considerably increased the elongation and water vapor permeability of wheat films. Wheat fiber developed mechanical and thermal properties as a result of various matrices; wheat gluten is water insoluble, elastic, non-toxic, and biodegradable, making it useful in biocomposite materials.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Phenolic Compounds of Hop Strobile Extracts
Hop (Humulus lupulus Linnaeus), a perennial plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family, has become a widely grown agricultural plant because it is used for providing bitterness and aroma to beer. Hop originated in Europe and west Asia, and are cultivated in the United States, Germany, Czech Republic, and England. Historically, the flower extracts of hop, commonly known as hops, have been used in traditional medicine for treating human health because of their sedative, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antidiuretic properties. Hops are a dioecious species and unfertilized female inflorescence are commonly called cones (or strobiles). These cones are rich in unique phenolic compounds such as prenylated flavonoids, humulones (α-acids) and lupulones (β-acids).
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Characterization of Electrospun Scaffold Morphology
Electrospun scaffolds are an important focus of regenerative tissue engineering due to their extremely thin fibers with large surface areas, superior mechanical properties, and ease of processing. Studies to design, fabricate and characterize fibrous scaffolds have been manifold. The characterization of morphology is essential to the main purpose of such scaffolds: to aid in cell proliferation. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Barium incorporation into Biomaterials
In the present manuscript, a brief overview on barium, its possible utilization, and the aftermath of its behavior in organisms has been presented. A number of studies have exhibited both the unwanted outcome barium displayed and the advantages of barium laden compounds, tested in in vitro and in vivo settings. The plethora of prospective manipulations covered the area of hydrogels and calcium phosphates, with an end goal of examining barium’s future in the tissue engineering. Can barium be used as a substitute for other biologically relevant divalent cations? Will the incorporation of barium ions hamper the execution of the essential processes in the organism? Most importantly, can the benefits outweigh the harm?
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Principles of pH-Responsive Drug Delivery
The paradigm of drug carriers’ usage to overcome the non-specific distribution of therapeutic agents in the body, including chemotherapeutic substances that exert severe toxic stress on healthy tissues, has been actively developed. One of the main pillars of this paradigm is the increased or even selective accumulation of drug delivery systems (DDSs) carrying therapeutic agents in tumor interstitium harnessing the differences between normal and cancer tissues properties. Thus, structural features of tumors, such as hypervascularization, vascular pathologies, and impaired functionality of lymphatic drainage, can be utilized to differentiate tumors from healthy tissues and selectively accumulate drug carriers. In particular, tumor-surrounding vessels are characterized by defects in the endothelial layer lining the blood vessel wall, represented by wide fenestrations (up to several microns) and other features that lead to an increase in the permeability of this barrier for small objects, making the effective extravasation of nanosized carriers from the bloodstream to tumor interstitium possible. Methods of selective therapy via the systemic administration of therapeutic agents based on increased permeability of the tumor vessels’ wall, known under the general name of the EPR effect, have become widespread and have inspired the creation of a large number of vehicles proposed for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. In summary, the EPR effect implies the extravasation of nanosized drug carriers through endothelial fenestra and their retention in the interstitial volume of the tumor due to dysfunctional lymphatic drainage.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Physiochemical Properties of Silver Nanomaterials
Over the last decades, there has been tremendous volume of research efforts focussed on engineering silver based (nano)materials. The interest in silver has been mostly driven by the element capacity to kill pathogenic bacteria. In this context the main area of application has been medical devices that are at significant risk of becoming colonised by bacteria and infected. However, silver nanomaterials have been incorporated in a number of other commercial products which may or may not benefit from antibacterial protection. The rapid expansion of the library and their use raises important questions about possible toxicity and generally human health.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Magnetic nanoparticles: coating and applications
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential in material science, drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and therapeutic applications. Indeed, a number of iron oxide nanoparticles have been withdrawn due to their poor clinical performance and/or toxicity issues. MNPs have successfully been converted into water-soluble, stable, bio-accessible systems using the proprietary various coating strategy. Herein, we summarize the data of applications and coating strategies of MNPs.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Degradation Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds
The bioactive compounds in fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices are very vulnerable and can be easily degraded by different factors, including enzymes, thermal treatment, pH, oxidation, light, and/or hydrolysis. Some of the main examples of degradation reactions include: oxidation and hydrolysis of vitamin C, oxidation of phenols, flavonoids, glycosides and hydrolysis of esters. Therefore, actions taken for preventing such degradation are critically important not only for producers, but also for consumers, for whom the presence of these compounds is desirable for health-related requirements. In particular, the degradation of bioactive compounds during thermal treatment (e.g., blanching, pasteurization, sterilization and/or drying) represents a severe problem that must be tackled in the food industry. 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Based Sensors
Extensive use of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) has been done for the fabrication and implementation of flexible sensors due to their enhanced electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. These nanotubes have been deployed both in pure and composite forms for obtaining highly efficient sensors in terms of sensitivity, robustness, and longevity.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Human Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OSA) (also called osteogenic sarcoma) is the most common type of cancer that starts in the bones. It is the most frequent pediatric primary bone tumor. OSA is a rare mesenchymal bone neoplasm derived from mesenchymal stem cells. Genome disorganization, chromosomal modifications, deregulation of tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair defects are the factors most responsible for OSA development. Recent Progress in nanotechnology platforms in human OSA inspire new ideas to develop more effective therapeutic options.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of MXenes
MXenes have emerged as a newer class of 2D materials that produce metallic conductivity upon interaction with hydrophilic species, and their delamination affords monolayer nanoplatelets of a thickness of about one nm and a side size in the micrometer range. Delaminated MXene has a high aspect ratio, making it an alluring nanofiller for multifunctional polymer nanocomposites. Moreover, MXenes are of special relevance in hydrogel-based applications because of their outstanding mechanical strength, extraordinary hydrophilicity and a distinct surface chemistry, which adds a new level of adaptability.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hydrophilic Modification of Dialysis Membranes
The dialyzer is the core element in the hemodialysis treatment of patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). During hemodialysis treatment, the dialyzer replaces the function of the kidney by removing small and middle-molecular weight uremic toxins, while retaining essential proteins. Meanwhile, a dialyzer should have the best possible hemocompatibility profile as the perpetuated contact of blood with artificial surfaces triggers complement activation, coagulation and immune cell activation, and even low-level activation repeated chronically over years may lead to undesired effects. During hemodialysis, the adsorption of plasma proteins to the dialyzer membrane leads to a formation of a secondary membrane, which can compromise both the uremic toxin removal and hemocompatibility of the dialyzer. Hydrophilic modifications of novel dialysis membranes have been shown to reduce protein adsorption, leading to better hemocompatibility profile and performance stability during dialysis treatments.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Zirconia
Zirconia is one of the indirect metal-free restorations used in dental medicine.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Preparation and Properties of Magnesium Phosphate Cements
In the search for effective biomaterials for bone repair, magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are gaining importance as bone void fillers thanks to their many attractive features that overcome some of the limitations of the well-investigated calcium-phosphate-based cements. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Keratin Biomembranes
Difficulties in obtaining human nails that are large enough for examining the penetration of drug formulations led to produce keratin films regenerated from human hair. The structure, surface morphology, chemical characterization and thermal stability of the films were characterized and were compared to those of human nail, hair and bovine hoof samples using SDS-electrophoresis, SEM, XRD, FTIR and TGA. The structure of the obtained films was found to be closer to human nails than to hair or bovine hooves. The keratin films were infected with Trichophyton rubrum and were proven to be appropriate for serving as a model for studying onychomycosis.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts Derived from Biopolymers
Due to the limited reaction rate of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), it is considered as a limiting factor in the performance of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Platinum is considered the benchmark catalyst for ORR; however, the scarcity of platinum, its high price, the drift phenomenon, its insufficient durability, and its susceptibility to gas poisoning are the reasons for the constant search for new ORR catalysts. Carbon-based catalysts show exceptional promise in this respect considering economic profitability and activity, and, in addition, they have favorable conductivity and often a large specific surface area.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Biorefinery Based on Multiple Raw Materials and Wastes for the Production of Energy: A Proposal Tailored to Southwestern Europe
In this entry, the possibility of the implementation of a biorefinery based on multiple raw materials (from agricultural wastes, vegetable oils, etc.) is covered, pointing out the available technology to interconnect different processes so that the atom economy of the process is as high as possible, reducing the environmental impact and improving the efficiency of the energy or products obtained. For this purpose, this model is based on previous works published in the literature. The role of biorefineries is becoming more and more important in the current environmental scenario, as there is a global concern about different environmental issues such as climate change due to GHG emissions, among others. In this sense, a biorefinery presents several advantages such as the use of natural raw materials or wastes, with high atom economy values (that is, all the products are valorized and not released to the environment). As a consequence, the concept of a biorefinery perfectly fits with the Sustainable Development Goals, contributing to the sustainable growth of different regions or countries, regardless of their stage of development. The aim of this entry is the proposal of a biorefinery based on multiple raw materials, using different technologies such as transesterification to produce both biodiesel and biolubricants, steam reforming to produce hydrogen from glycerol or biogas, hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge to produce hydrochar, etc. As a result, these technologies have potential for the possible implementation of this biorefinery at the industrial scale, with high conversion and efficiency for most processes included in this biorefinery. However, there are some challenges like the requirement of the further technological development of certain processes. In conclusion, the proposed biorefinery offers a wide range of possibilities to enhance the production of energy and materials (hydrogen, biodiesel, biolubricants, different biofuels, hydrochar, etc.) through green technologies, being an alternative for petrol-based refineries.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Sep 2024
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