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Topic Review
No-pain Removal of HPV Lesions in Oral Cavity
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection: verruca vulgaris (VV), squamous cell papilloma (SP), condyloma acuminatum (CA), and multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (MFEH), all of them are a benign hyperplastic exophytic proliferation of the oral epithelium, caused by different HPV genotypes. Subtypes 6 and 11, with a low-oncogenic risk, are the most commonly found and cause CA in both the oral cavity and in the anogenital region. Labial mucosa, soft palate and lingual frenum are the most common locations of CA and koilocytes can be observed in histopathologic sections. All HPV-related oral lesions present clinical similarities, and therefore, a biopsy is necessary for a precise diagnosis.
  • 771
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Secretome Derived from SHED in Tissue Regeneration
Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have emerged as an alternative stem cell source for cell therapy and regenerative medicine because they are readily available, pose fewer ethical concerns, and have low immunogenicity and tumourigenicity. SHED offer a number of advantages over other dental stem cells, including a high proliferation rate with the potential to differentiate into multiple developmental lineages. The therapeutic effects of SHED are mediated by multiple mechanisms, including immunomodulation, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, osteogenesis, and adipogenesis. Since SHED are more potentially useful source of stem cells than BM-MSCs and DPSCs in cell therapy, therefore it could be suggested that the secretome derived from SHED could enhance tissue regeneration and repair and hence, considered as a suitable candidate for a cell-free approach in regenerative medicine and dentistry.
  • 771
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Wearing Bite-Aligning Mouthguards
The purpose of the present entry was to determine the acute effects of wearing bite-aligning mouthguards on muscle strength, power, agility and quickness in athletes. A search of the current literature was performed using the electronic databases (until 1 May 2021) Web of Science, Scopus and Medline. The inclusion criteria were: (1) descriptive design studies; (2) with randomized clinical trials; (3) examining the within-subject acute effects of wearing mouthguards on functional and neuromuscular performance parameters; (4) in physical active, recreational or highstandard athletes. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen reported positive effects in some of the variables assessed, two reported negative effects and the rest found no significant differences. Overall, the main findings described in the literature are inconclusive concerning the neuromuscular advantages of using mouthguards in muscle strength, power, agility and quickness. These discrepancies might be related to several factors such as differences in testing protocols, poor control of the jaw magnitude and improper mouthguard designs. Despite these differences, after conducting the present systematic review, the authors speculate that jaw clenching while wearing custom-made, bite-aligning oral devices might promote beneficial effects in lower limb power actions, especially in jump ability and knee extension movements. Thus, athletes might consider the use of mouthguards, not only for their protective role but also for the potential ergogenic effects in specific actions, mainly those for which lower limb muscular power are required.
  • 768
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Complication of Maxillary Sinusitis
Maxillary sinusitis a common complication, there is an absence of precise and shared guidelines on the diagnosis, post-operative follow-up and treatment of maxillary sinusitis following zygomatic implantology. To date there are no shared protocols for maxillary sinusitis treatment. According to the literature in the presence of risk factors such as age, comorbidities, smoking, nasal septal deviation or other anatomical variants, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is suggested to perform at the same time as placement of zygomatic implants.
  • 765
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Systemic Impact of Periodontitis
Periodontitis is a microbially driven host-mediated disease that leads to loss of periodontal attachment and bone. It is associated with elevation of systemic inflammatory markers and with the presence of systemic co-morbidities. Furthermore, periodontal treatment leads to a 24–48 h-long acute local and systemic inflammatory response.
  • 765
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Oral Complications in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent form of all childhood leukemias, mostly affecting children between 2 and 4 years old. Oral symptoms, such as mouth ulcers, mucositis, xerostomia, Herpes or Candidiasis, gingival enlargement and bleeding, petechiae, erythema, mucosal pallor and atrophic glossitis, are very common symptoms of ALL and can be early signs of the disease.
  • 765
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Marine Biopolymer Alginate in Endodontics
Alginate is a natural marine biopolymer that has been widely used in biomedical applications, but research on its use as an endodontic material is still sparse in the literature. Alginate or salt of alginic acid is one of the most abundant biopolymeric hydrocolloids derived primarily from seaweeds. In dentistry, hydrocolloid alginate has been commonly employed as a dental impression material to make gypsum casts for various treatment purposes, including provisional crowns and bridges, orthodontic study models, mouth guards, bleaching trays, and removable dental prostheses.
  • 762
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy and Oral Cancer Management
Mouth cancer often results in poor outcomes and requires the use of state-of-the-art medical approaches to make its detection easy, individualized, and early. Liquid biopsy is a new and important medical approach to disease detection. This approach has been successfully used for mouth cancer detection and monitoring of treatment progress in many countries. Liquid biopsy is an attractive option for mouth cancer detection because it does not involve any invasive procedure and can be used on easily accessible body fluids, such as saliva and blood. 
  • 754
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Proteins in Dental Applications
Biotechnology and artificial intelligence have sparked a revolution in dentistry, with a focus on restoring natural tissue functions. This transformation has given rise to bioactive materials, inspired by biomimetics, aimed at replicating the processes found in nature. As synthetic biology advances, there is a heightened focus on signaling systems crucial for bio-based diagnostics and therapeutics. Dentistry now harnesses synthetic proteins for tissue regeneration and dental material enhancement. A current research priority is bacterial biofilm inhibition, vital for dental health. Given the role of Streptococcus mutans in dental caries, the development of synthetic antimicrobial peptides targeting this bacterium is underway. The balance of dental enamel between demineralization and remineralization impacts caries formation. Factors such as the presence of hydroxyapatite and salivary peptides influence enamel health. Recent studies have spotlighted salivary protein-inspired peptides for enhanced remineralization.
  • 753
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of the Microbiome in Oral Mucositis
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and impactful toxicity of standard cancer therapy, affecting up to 80% of patients. Its aetiology centres on the initial destruction of epithelial cells and the increase in inflammatory signals. These changes in the oral mucosa create a hostile environment for resident microbes, with oral infections co-occurring with OM, especially at sites of ulceration. However, increasing evidence suggests that oral microbiome changes occur beyond opportunistic infection, with a growing appreciation for the potential role of the microbiome in OM development and severity.
  • 746
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Systemic Diseases and Biological Dental Implant Complications
The relationship between periodontitis and such systemic disorders as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity has been extensively investigated. There is less scientific evidence available, however, regarding the influence of systemic diseases on the risk of late failure of dental implant rehabilitation due to peri-implantitis. Most of the literature concludes for no association between diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension or osteoporosis and the risk of peri-implantitis. On the other hand, almost all the studies that investigated obesity as a risk factor for implant rehabilitation found a positive association between the two.
  • 745
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Bisphosphonates and Their Influence on the Implant Failure
The use of bisphosphonate (BP) may impair the osseointegration. It is a class of drugs that are frequently selected when there is an alteration in the bone metabolism, which are utilized to prevent bone loss. It can be administered orally (e.g., daily, weekly, or monthly) for treatment of osteoporosis and Paget’s disease, or intravenously (every 3 months or annually) to treat malignant skeletal oncological diseases.
  • 745
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Oral Diseases
The human oral microbiome has emerged as a focal point of research due to its profound implications for human health. The involvement of short-chain fatty acids in oral microbiome composition, oral health, and chronic inflammation is gaining increasing attention.  Locally, SCFAs are a part of normal oral microbiota metabolism, but the increased formation of SCFAs usually attribute to dysbiosis; excess SCFAs participate in the development of local oral diseases and in oral biota gut colonization and dysbiosis. On the other hand, a number of studies have established the positive impact of SCFAs on human health as a whole, including the reduction of chronic systemic inflammation, improvement of metabolic processes, and decrease of some types of cancer incidence. Thus, a complex and sophisticated approach with consideration of origin and localization for SCFA function assessment is demanded.
  • 745
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Based Antimicrobials against Periodontitis
eriodontal diseases and dental caries are the most common infectious oral diseases impacting oral health globally. Oral cavity health is crucial for enhancing life quality since it serves as the entranceway to general health. The oral microbiome and oral infectious diseases are strongly correlated. Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been associated with periodontal diseases. Due to the shortcomings of several antimicrobial medications frequently applied in dentistry, the lack of resources in developing countries, the prevalence of oral inflammatory conditions, and the rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance, there is a need for reliable, efficient, and affordable alternative solutions for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Several accessible chemical agents can alter the oral microbiota, although these substances also have unfavorable symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and tooth discoloration. Natural phytochemicals generated from plants that have historically been used as medicines are categorized as prospective alternatives due to the ongoing quest for substitute products.
  • 744
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Magnesium Modified β-Tricalcium Phosphate
Researchers already improved the properties of β-TCP by achieving optimum surface and bulk β-TCP chemical/physical properties through the hydrothermal addition of magnesium (Mg) and to later establish the biocompatibility of β-TCP/Mg for bone grafting and tissue engineering treatments. The present results indicate that the hydrothermal addition of 1.4 wt% MgO to the particle surface of β- TCP particle significantly increased cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in vitro and resulted in more new bone regeneration from histologic and micro-CT evaluation in vivo compared to the β-TCP control particles; altogether, Mg was advantageous to commercial β-TCP bone regeneration.
  • 743
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Molecular, Cellular and Genetic Aspects of Peri-Implantitis
Peri-implantitis is a multi-factorial disease with an inflammatory background that occurs in both soft and hard tissues surrounding implants. A wide array of cells stands behind peri-implantitis, as well as cytokines and their genetic variations that take part in the process. Recently, growing interest in this topic has led to the introduction of specific new diagnostic tools to enable a better understanding of patients’ responses to treatment and, in turn, to even enable prediction of the risk of developing peri-implant disease.
  • 743
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Temporomandibular Joint Related Diseases
With rapid advances in technology, computer-based studies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches are finding their place in every field, especially in the medical sector, where they attract great attention. The Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) stands as the most intricate joint within the human body, and diseases related to this joint are quite common.
  • 741
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Improving Consistency of Photobiomodulation Therapy
One of the molecular mechanisms for this treatment implicates the mitochondrial enzyme, cytochrome C oxidase. However, the efficacy and consistency of clinical outcomes with photobiomodulation treatments has been fiercely debated. This work was motivated by this need to improve photobiomodulation devices and delivery approaches.
  • 739
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Treatment in Cleft Palate Patients
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are one of the most common congenital anomalies with a global prevalence of 1:700. Velopharyngeal insufficiency may occur as a result of an anatomical or structural defect and may be present in patients with cleft lip and palate. The treatment options presented in the literature are varied, covering invasive and non-invasive methods.
  • 738
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Prevention and Treatment of Oral Complications
Phase I, before initiation of cancer treatment (review of medical record and oral history, planning of preventive strategies and dental treatments); phase II, from initiation of chemo-radiotherapy to 30–45 days post-therapy (maintenance of oral hygiene, reinforcement of parent/patient education in oral care, prevention and treatment of complications derived from cancer treatment); phase III, from 1 year to lifetime (periodic check-ups, maintenance, and reinforcement of oral hygiene, dental treatments, symptomatic care of the effects of long-term cancer treatment). The use of standardised protocols can avoid or minimise oral cancer complications and the side effects of cancer therapies. 
  • 736
  • 29 Apr 2022
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