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Topic Review
Plant Growth in Altered Gravity/Microgravity
Understanding how plants respond and adapt to extraterrestrial conditions is essential for space exploration initiatives. Deleterious effects of the space environment on plant development have been reported, such as the unbalance of cell growth and proliferation in the root meristem, or gene expression reprogramming. However, plants are capable of surviving and completing the seed-to-seed life cycle under microgravity. A key research challenge is to identify environmental cues, such as light, which could compensate the negative effects of microgravity.
  • 1.9K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Primary Metabolism in Apple
Review of the main physiological aspects of primary metabolism in apple, such as photosynthesis and metabolite accumulation processes, as well as how the application of agrochemicals affect the first stages of apple development, when most of the fruit final quality is determined.
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Tabebuia Impetiginosa
Tabebuia impetiginosa, a plant native to the Amazon rainforest and other parts of Latin America, is traditionally used for treating fever, malaria, bacterial and fungal infections, and skin diseases.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Atriplex Portulacoides as Functional Food
The halophyte Atriplex portulacoides (syn. Halimione portulacoides) occurs in habitats that are exposed to seawater inundations, and shows biochemical adaptations to saline and oxidative stresses. Its composition includes long chain lipids, sterols, phenolic compounds, glutathione, carotenoids,and micronutrients such as Fe, Zn, Co and Cu. The productivity of A. portulacoides in natural environments, and its adaptability to non-saline soils, make it a potential crop of high economic interest. This plant is suitable to be exploited as a functional food that is potentially able to reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in humans and animals. This plant offers a valuable example of valorisation of the biodiversity for promoting the sustainability and diversification in agriculture.
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Generalities about Cannabis sativa L.
Cannabis sativa L. is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family. This plant species has many vernacular names and is known by many people as marijuana and hemp. Despite being native to Central Asia, this plant’s capacity of adaption to different climates lead to its spread all over the world. The Cannabis genus is composed of a single specie named “sativa”, which regroup several subspecies or varieties including Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa, Cannabis sativa ssp. indica, Cannabis sativa ssp. ruderalis and Cannabis sativa ssp. afghanica. However, there is still controversy among the scientific community about the sub-classification of Cannabis species and varieties. Cannabis sativa L. is one of the plants that have been used by humankind since antiquity, and many historians reported the different uses of this plant around the world. 
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Endophytic Bacterial in Rice Plant
Endophytic bacterial communities are beneficial communities for host plants that exist inside the surfaces of plant tissues, and their application improves plant growth. They benefit directly from the host plant by enhancing the nutrient amount of the plant’s intake and influencing the phytohormones, which are responsible for growth promotion and stress. Endophytic bacteria play an important role in plant-growth promotion (PGP) by regulating the indirect mechanism targeting pest and pathogens through hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotics, biocontrol potential, and nutrient restriction for pathogens. 
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Mechanism of Banana and Plantain Fruits Elements
Plant-based foods, such as fruits, contain natural active principles, ranging from primary metabolites (nutritive factors, vitamins, and minerals) to secondary metabolites (phytochemicals). These bioactive principles play significant roles in mitigating several chronic diseases. Some epidemiological studies have identified antioxidant-rich secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and anthocyanin, for their anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and ameliorative roles in neurological disorders. Generally, natural polyphenols express their neuroprotective capacity by relying on their mechanism ability to cross the blood-brain barrier to scavenge the pathological concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Equally, polyphenols modulate a series of mediating cell-signaling pathways of pathological diseases.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Arundo donax L.
Arundo donax L., the giant reed—being a long-duration, low-cost, non-food energy crop able to grow in marginal lands—has emerged as a potential alternative to produce biomass for both energy production, with low carbon emissions, and industrial bioproducts.
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Conservation of Crop Genetic Resources
The conservation of crop genetic resources, including their wild relatives, is of utmost importance for the future of mankind. Most crops produce orthodox seeds and can, therefore, be stored in seed genebanks. However, this is not an option for crops and species that produce recalcitrant (non-storable) seeds such as cacao, coffee and avocado, for crops that do not produce seeds at all; therefore, they are inevitably vegetatively propagated such as bananas, or crops that are predominantly clonally propagated as their seeds are not true to type, such as potato, cassava and many fruit trees. Field, in vitro and cryopreserved collections provide an alternative in such cases.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Pesticides
Pests and diseases are responsible for most of the losses related to agricultural crops, either in the field or in storage. Moreover, due to indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides over the years, several issues have come along, such as pest resistance and contamination of important planet sources, such as water, air and soil. Therefore, in order to improve efficiency of crop production and reduce food crisis in a sustainable manner, while preserving consumer’s health, plant-derived pesticides may be a green alternative to synthetic ones.
  • 1.9K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Taxa of the Genus Iris
Some wild, morphologically diverse taxa of the genus Iris L. in the broad Alpine-Dinaric area have never been explored molecularly, and/or have ambiguous systematic status. The main aims of our research were to perform a molecular study of critical Iris taxa from that area (especially a narrow endemic species I. adriatica, for which we also analysed genome size) and to explore the contribution of eight microsatellites and highly variable chloroplast DNA (ndhJ, rpoC1) markers to the understanding of the Iris taxa taxonomy and phylogeny. 
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nucleosides and Nucleotides
Nucleotides fulfill many essential functions in plants. Compared to non-plant systems, these hydrophilic metabolites have not been adequately investigated in plants, especially the less abundant nucleotide species such as deoxyribonucleotides and modified or damaged nucleotides. Until recently, this was mainly due to a lack of adequate methods for in-depth analysis of nucleotides and nucleosides in plants.
  • 1.9K
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia citrodora)
Aloysia citrodora (Verbenaceae), an acknowledged medicinal plant, is traditionally used to treat various diseases, including bronchitis, insomnia, anxiety, digestive, and heart problems.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Barley
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) has been widely used as a model crop for studying molecularand physiological processes such as chloroplast development and photosynthesis. During thesecond half of the 20th century, mutants such as albostrians led to the discovery of thenuclear-encoded, plastid-localized RNA polymerase and the retrograde (chloroplast-to-nucleus)signalling communication pathway, while chlorina-f2 and xantha mutants helped to shed light onthe chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, on the light-harvesting proteins and on the organization ofthe photosynthetic apparatus. However, during the last 30 years, a large fraction of chloroplastresearch has switched to the more “user-friendly” model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the firstplant species whose genome was sequenced and published at the end of 2000. Despite its manyadvantages, Arabidopsis has some important limitations compared to barley, including the lackof a real canopy and the absence of the proplastid-to-chloroplast developmental gradient acrossthe leaf blade. These features, together with the availability of large collections of natural geneticdiversity and mutant populations for barley, a complete genome assembly and protocols for genetictransformation and gene editing, have relaunched barley as an ideal model species for chloroplastresearch. In this review, we provide an update on the genomics tools now available for barley, andreview the biotechnological strategies reported to increase photosynthesis eciency in model species,which deserve to be validated in barley.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Zinc and Selenium Mitigate Abiotic Stresses in Plants
Abiotic stress factors are considered a serious threat to various growth parameters of crop plants. Stressors such as drought, salinity, and heavy metals (HMs) hamper the chlorophyll content in plants, resulting in low photosynthesis, hinder the integrity of cell membranes, reduce biomass, and overall growth and development of crops which ultimately results in the sharp decline of crop yield. Under such stressful conditions, various strategies are employed to overcome hazardous effects. Application of Zinc (Zn) or Selenium (Se) in different forms is an effective way to alleviate the abiotic stresses in plants. Zn and Se play a pivotal role in enhancing the chlorophyll level to improve photosynthesis, reducing oxidative stress by limiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, controlling HMs absorption by plant roots and their accumulation in the plant body, maintaining homeostasis, and alleviating all the detrimental effects caused by abiotic stress factors.
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Milk Thistle Seed and Hempseed
In accordance with Commission Regulation (EC) No 726/2004, the use of antibiotics as stimulators of animal growth and performance has been banned in all European Union countries since 2006 (due to the elimination of antibiotic residues from the human food chain). Due to this ban, many scientists are studying alternative approaches to the use of various biologically active substances with a growth-promoting e ect. A promising direction is the use of alternative feeds containing bioactive compounds or mixtures of natural origin, or the use of phytoadditives or plant extracts, probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics or oilseed by-products, such as hempseed cakes and milk thistle seed cakes in animal nutrition.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bryo-Activities
Usually regarded as less evolved than their more recently diverged vascular sisters, which currently dominate vegetation landscape, bryophytes seem having nothing to envy to the defensive arsenal of other plants, since they had acquired a suite of chemical traits that allowed them to adapt and persist on land.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Light Quality Effects on Plants
Effect of light quality on indoor experiments, aiming to reach near to natural growth.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Diaporthe citri
Citrus melanose is a fungal disease caused by Diaporthe citri F.A. Wolf. It is found in various citrus-growing locations across the world. The host range of D. citri is limited to plants of the Citrus genus. The most economically important hosts are Citrus reticulata (mandarin), C. sinensis (sweet orange), C. grandis or C. maxima (pumelo), and C. paradisi (grapefruit). In the life cycle of D. citri throughout the citrus growing season, pycnidia can be seen in abundance on dead branches, especially after rain, with conidia appearing as slimy masses discharged from the dead twigs. Raindrops can transmit conidia to leaves, twigs, and fruits, resulting in disease dispersion throughout small distances. Persistent rains and warm climatic conditions generally favor disease onset and development. The melanose disease causes a decline in fruit quality, which lowers the value of fruits during marketing and exportation. High rainfall areas should avoid planting susceptible varieties.
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sulfur in Plant Defense
Sulfur (S) is an essential plant macronutrient and the pivotal role of sulfur compounds in plant disease resistance has become obvious in recent decades. These compounds include sulfur containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, the tripeptide glutathione, thionins and defensins, glucosinolates and phytoalexins and, last but not least, reactive sulfur species and hydrogen sulfide. SDCs play versatile roles both in pathogen perception and initiating signal transduction pathways that are interconnected with various defense processes regulated by plant hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, ROS-mediated reversible oxidation of cysteine residues on plant proteins have profound effects on protein functions like signal transduction of plant defense responses during pathogen infections. Indeed, the multifaceted plant defense responses initiated by SDCs should provide novel tools for plant breeding to endow crops with efficient defense responses to invading pathogens.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Dec 2020
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