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Topic Review
Molecular Basis of Oesophageal Cancer
Worldwide, oesophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of deaths related to cancer and represents a major health concern. Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the regions of the world with the highest incidence and mortality rates for oesophageal cancer and most of the cases of oesophageal cancer in this region are oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The development and progression of OSCC is characterized by genomic changes which can be utilized as diagnostic or prognostic markers.
  • 433
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Combination of Regulatory Pathways for Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant mesotheliomas (MM) are hard to treat malignancies with poor prognosis and high mortality rates. This cancer is highly misdiagnosed in Sub-Saharan African countries. According to literature, the incidence of MM is likely to increase particularly in low-middle-income countries (LMICs). The burden of asbestos-induced diseases was estimated to be about 231,000 per annum. Lack of awareness and implementation of regulatory frameworks to control exposure to asbestos fibers contributes to the expected increase. Exposure to asbestos fibers can lead to cancer initiation by several mechanisms. Asbestos-induced epigenetic modifications of gene expression machinery and non-coding RNAs promote cancer initiation and progression. Furthermore, microbiome–epigenetic interactions control the innate and adaptive immunity causing exacerbation of cancer progression and therapeutic resistance.
  • 433
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Type II Endometrial and Prostate Cancer
Precision oncology can be defined as molecular profiling of tumors to identify targetable alterations.
  • 433
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Microbial Therapy and Breast Cancer Management
Microorganisms play an indirect role in affecting the emergence, natural course, and/or severity of various cancers. The presence of a unique microbiome in breast tissue, previously unacknowledged, has gained recognition through research. Microbiome dissimilarities have been observed between healthy and cancerous breast tissue, implying that cancer may disturb the natural balance of the microbiome in this area. Interestingly, breast tumor tissue showed a decrease in total bacterial DNA, and an inverse relationship was observed between the bacterial DNA load and advanced cancer stages.
  • 433
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer Treatment for Clinical Oncologists
Pancreatic cancer (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive solid tumors and is showing increasing incidence. Here provide practical help for all clinical oncologists and to summarize the current management of PDAC using a simple “ABC method” (A—anatomical resectability, B—biological resectability and C—clinical conditions). For anatomically resectable PDAC without any high-risk factors (biological or conditional), the actual standard of care is represented by surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The remaining PDAC patients should all be treated with initial systemic therapy, though the intent for each is different: for borderline resectable patients, the intent is neoadjuvant; for locally advanced patients, the intent is conversion; and for metastatic PDAC patients, the intent remains just palliative.
  • 431
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Microbe–Cancer Stem Cell Interactions in Colorectal Carcinogenesis
Adult stem cells lie at the crossroads of tissue repair, inflammation, and malignancy. Intestinal microbiota and microbe–host interactions are pivotal to maintaining gut homeostasis and response to injury, and participate in colorectal carcinogenesis. Yet, limited knowledge is available on whether and how bacteria directly crosstalk with intestinal stem cells (ISC), particularly cancerous stem-like cells (CR-CSC), as engines for colorectal cancer initiation, maintenance, and metastatic dissemination. Among several bacterial species alleged to initiate or promote colorectal cancer (CRC), the pathobiont Fusobacterium Nucleatum has recently drawn significant attention for its epidemiologic association and mechanistic linkage with the disease. 
  • 429
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
p21-Activated Kinases and Therapeutical Responses
Angiogenesis has been associated with numbers of solid tumours. Anti-angiogenesis drugs starve tumours of nutrients and oxygen but also make it difficult for a chemo reagent to distribute into a tumour, leading to aggressive tumour growth. Anti-angiogenesis drugs do not appear to improve the overall survival rate of pancreatic cancer. Vessel normalisation is merging as one of the new approaches for halting tumour progression by facilitating the tumour infiltration of immune cells and the delivery of chemo reagents. Targeting p21-activated kinases (PAKs) in cancer has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. Inhibition of PAK enhances anti-tumour immunity and stimulates the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockades.
  • 428
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma Management
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) has challenged the conventional wisdom surrounding the radioresistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). There has been a significant accumulation of clinical data to support the safety and efficacy of SABR in RCC.
  • 427
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Radiomics Facilitating the Treatment of Malignant Liver Tumors
In the realm of managing malignant liver tumors, the convergence of radiomics and machine learning has redefined the landscape of medical practice. The field of radiomics employs advanced algorithms to extract thousands of quantitative features (including intensity, texture, and structure) from medical images. Machine learning, including its subset deep learning, aids in the comprehensive analysis and integration of these features from diverse image sources. The fusion of radiomics and machine learning has yielded promising results in the evaluation of treatments for malignant liver tumors (e.g., surgical resection, liver transplant, ablation therapy, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), radiotherapy, and systemic therapy.
  • 426
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Link between Diabetes, Pancreatic Tumors, and miRNAs
Despite significant progress in medicine, pancreatic cancer is one of the most tardily diagnosed cancer and is consequently associated with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. The asymptomatic clinical picture and the lack of relevant diagnostic markers for the early stages of pancreatic cancer are believed to be the major constraints behind an accurate diagnosis of this disease. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development are still poorly recognized. It is well accepted that diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer development, however the precise mechanisms are weakly investigated. Studies are focused on microRNAs as a causative factor of pancreatic cancer. 
  • 425
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Melanoma Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic Emergency
The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the modus operandi of all fields of medicine, significantly impacting patients with oncological diseases and multiple comorbidities. Thus, the establishment of melanoma management during the emergency has become a major area of interest. In addition to original articles, case reports and specific guidelines for the period have been developed.
  • 424
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Locoregional Treatment in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
For unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC), different locoregional treatments (LRT) could be proposed to patients, including radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA), external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or transarterial treatments, depending on patient and tumor characteristics and local expertise. 
  • 422
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with pronounced immunogenicity, exhibiting rapid proliferation and immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. TNBC’s heterogeneity poses challenges to immunological treatments, inducing resistance mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, are explored in preclinical and clinical trials. Promising results emerge from combining ICIs with anti-TGF-β and VISTA, hindering TNBC tumor growth. TNBC cells employ complex evasion strategies involving interactions with stromal and immune cells, suppressing immune recognition through various cytokines, chemokines, and metabolites. 
  • 420
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Primary Pulmonary NUT Carcinoma
NUT (Nuclear protein of the testis) carcinoma is a rare, highly lethal cancer characterized with the rearrangement of the nuclear protein in testis (NUT) gene on chromosome 15q14, which primarily occurs in the midline organs. Primary pulmonary NUT carcinoma (NC) lacks characteristic clinical manifestations, which leads to the high rate of misdiagnose and nonstandard treatment.
  • 419
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
TAMs and PD-1 Networking in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common and aggressive types of cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have proven effective in treating various types of cancer. The use of ICIs in GC patients is currently an area of ongoing research. The tumor microenvironment (TME) also seems to play a crucial role in cancer progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant population in the TME. TAMs are capable of displaying programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on their surface and can form a ligand with programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is found on the surface of cancer cells. Therefore, it is expected that TAMs may significantly influence the immune response related to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
  • 419
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor DNA in Breast Cancer Patients
Worldwide, breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females. It accounts for 24.5% of cancer cases and 15.5% of cancer deaths in women. In 2020, there were 2.26 million new cases of BC, and 685,000 deaths from BC worldwide. The development of new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer has remained relevant for many decades.
  • 418
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy in Response to BRAF-Targeted Therapies
BRAF-targeted therapies are widely used for the treatment of melanoma patients with BRAF V600 mutations. Vemurafenib, dabrafenib as well as encorafenib have demonstrated substantial therapeutic activity; however, as is the case with other chemotherapeutic agents, the frequent development of resistance limits their efficacy. Autophagy is one tumor survival mechanism that could contribute to BRAF inhibitor resistance, and multiple studies support an association between vemurafenib-induced and dabrafenib-induced autophagy and tumor cell survival.
  • 414
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Virus Detection
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a prevalent and often fatal malignancy. Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) is a commonly mutated oncogene in NSCLC, contributing to tumorigenesis and proliferation.
  • 406
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Alternative Splicing Events in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The incidence of this cancer continues to rise, especially in developing countries. Alternative splicing is a normal cellular process that results in the generation of proteins with different structures and functions from a single gene. Colorectal cancer can cause dysregulation of alternative splicing processes to promote its development and growth until it spreads. Dysregulated alternative splicing processes have been shown to promote cancer survival by producing proteins that activate genes known to promote cancer development or deactivate those that inhibit cancer development.
  • 405
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Systemic Treatment Strategies in Early HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) is associated with an aggressive clinicopathological nature and is known to have a poor prognosis. Their tumor proliferation features can lead to visceral metastasis disseminating to the brain, liver, lung, and bone. Delivering standard chemotherapy HER2 blockers is strongly associated with better outcomes and can help increase the suitability for breast-conserving surgery. It is crucial to identify patients who should be selected for systemic cancer treatment before or after surgery and to decide the most appropriate option in each case. 
  • 404
  • 22 Sep 2023
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