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Topic Review
Landfills, Waste and Climate Change
Landfills have been considered the most convenient approach for dealing with waste from time immemorial, even though some have led to disasters of catastrophic proportions. Moreover, recent findings by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggest that the decomposing fraction of landfill waste that generates greenhouse gases (GHGs) may not be adequately accounted for and could become a critical issue in our effort to restrict atmospheric temperature increases to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. (According to the IPCC, the maximum atmospheric temperature rise is a factor of cumulative net CO2 emissions as well as net non-CO2 radiative forcing.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of Yam (Dioscorea spp.) in China
Plant nematodes (PPNs) have been documented as economically important pests of yam in different parts of the world with Pratylenchus spp. and Meloidogyne spp. being the most widespread and destructive pests in Asia, causing significant yield losses. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Assistive Technologies for Supporting Older Adults' Wellbeing
As people age, they are more likely to develop multiple chronic diseases and experience a decline in some of their physical and cognitive functions, leading to the decrease in their ability to live independently. Innovative technology-based interventions tailored to older adults’ functional levels and focused on healthy lifestyles are considered imperative. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems
Research into the application of nanocarriers in the delivery of cancer-fighting drugs has been a promising research area for decades. On the other hand, their cytotoxic effects on cells, low uptake efficiency, and therapeutic resistance have limited their therapeutic use. However, the urgency of pressing healthcare needs has resulted in the functionalization of nanoparticles’ (NPs) physicochemical properties to improve clinical outcomes of new, old, and repurposed drugs.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Syngeneic Mouse Models for Therapeutic Research in OC
The most prevalent oral cancer globally is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The invasion of adjacent bones and the metastasis to regional lymph nodes often lead to poor prognoses and shortened survival times in patients with OSCC. Encouraging immunotherapeutic responses have been seen with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); however, these positive responses to monotherapy have been limited to a small subset of patients. Therefore, it is urgent that further investigations into optimizing immunotherapies are conducted. Areas of research include identifying novel immune checkpoints and targets and tailoring treatment programs to meet the needs of individual patients. Furthermore, the advancement of combination therapies against OSCC is also critical. Thus, additional studies are needed to ensure clinical trials are successful. Mice models are advantageous in immunotherapy research with several advantages, such as relatively low costs and high tumor growth success rate. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
COHERENS
COHERENS is an open-source hydrodynamic computer model for shallow waters. It was developed in the 1990s by the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS). The name COHERENS is an acronym of COupled Hydrodynamical Ecological model for REgioNal Shelf seas. COHERENS can be used in 1D, 2D or 3D mode and can model both salt waters such as coastal and shelf seas and freshwater basins such as lakes. Applications of the model include obtaining a better understanding of shallow water systems and managing pollution.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Cranesbill Species
The genus Geranium contains more than 420 plant species, which are also known as cranesbill or hardy geranium (to distinguish them from Pelargonium species).
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Principal Uses of Carbons from Glycerol
Biodiesel is produced by the transesterification of animal fats and vegetable oils, producing a large amount of glycerol as a by-product. The crude glycerol cannot be used in the food or pharmaceutical industries. It is crucial to transform glycerol into value-added products with applications in different areas to biodiesel be economically viable. One of the possible applications is its use as a precursor for the synthesis of carbon materials. The glycerol-based carbon materials have distinct properties due to the presence of sulfonic acid groups on the material surface, making them efficient catalysts. Additionally, the glycerol-based activated carbon materials show promising results concerning the adsorption of gases and liquid pollutants and recently as capacitors.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
S-Glutathionylation and S-Nitrosylation in Mitochondria: Homeostasis and Neurodegeneration
Redox post-translational modifications are derived from fluctuations in the redox potential and modulate protein function, localization, activity and structure. Amongst the oxidative reversible modifications, the S-glutathionylation of proteins was the first to be characterized as a post-translational modification, which primarily protects proteins from irreversible oxidation. S-nitrosylation, another post-translational modification, was identified in the past, but it was re-introduced as a prototype cell-signaling mechanism, one that tightly regulates core processes within the cell’s sub-compartments, especially in mitochondria. S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation are modulated by fluctuations in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and, in turn, orchestrate mitochondrial bioenergetics machinery, morphology, nutrients metabolism and apoptosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Basis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rare, chronic, fibrosing and progressive disease limited to the lung with a largely unknown etiology and a poor prognosis. IPF is associated with a characteristically defined radiological and/or histological usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Magnetoelectric Magnetic Field Sensors
One of the new materials that have attracted wide attention of researchers are magnetoelectric (ME) composites. Great interest in these materials is due to their properties associated with the transformation of electric polarization/magnetization under the influence of external magnetic/electric fields and the possibility of their use to create new devices. ME magnetic field sensors based on the widely used structures Terfenol—PZT/PMN-PT,Metglas—PZT/PMN-PT, and Metglas—Lithium niobate, among others, are considered as the first applications of the ME effect in technology. Estimates of the parameters of ME sensors are given, and comparative characteristics of magnetic field sensors are presented. Taking into account the high sensitivity of ME magnetic field sensors, comparable to superconducting quantum interferencedevices (SQUIDs), this entry discuss the areas of their application.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Role of Immune Targets in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
It is now well known that the bone marrow (BM) cell niche contributes to leukemogenesis, but emerging data support the role of the complex crosstalk between AML cells and the BM microenvironment to induce a permissive immune setting that protects leukemic stem cells (LSCs) from therapy-induced death, thus favoring disease persistence and eventual relapse. The identification of potential immune targets on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and the modulation of the BM environment could lead to enhanced anti-leukemic effects of drugs, immune system reactivation, and the restoration of AML surveillance. Potential targets and effectors of this immune-based therapy could be monoclonal antibodies directed against LSC antigens such as CD33, CD123, and CLL-1 (either as direct targets or via several bispecific T-cell engagers), immune checkpoint inhibitors acting on different co-inhibitory axes (alone or in combination with conventional AML drugs), and novel cellular therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells designed against AML-specific antigens. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
3D Printing of Dental Prostheses
Revolutionary fabrication technologies such as three-dimensional (3D) printing to develop dental structures are expected to replace traditional methods due to their ability to establish constructs with the required mechanical properties and detailed structures. Three-dimensional printing, as an additive manufacturing approach, has the potential to rapidly fabricate complex dental prostheses by employing a bottom-up strategy in a layer-by-layer fashion. This new technology allows dentists to extend their degree of freedom in selecting, creating, and performing the required treatments. Three-dimensional printing has been narrowly employed in the fabrication of various kinds of prostheses and implants. There is still an on-demand production procedure that offers a reasonable method with superior efficiency to engineer multifaceted dental constructs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Digital Twins in the Agri-Food Supply Chain
Digital twins have the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and sustainability of the agri-food supply chain by providing visibility, reducing bottlenecks, planning for contingencies, and improving existing processes and resources. Additionally, they can add value to businesses by lowering costs and boosting customer satisfaction.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Methods of Increasing the Bioavailability of Polyphenols
Polyphenols, a class of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and lignans, are commonly found in plant-based diets with a variety of biological actions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Unfortunately, polyphenols are not widely used in nutraceuticals since many of the chemicals in polyphenols possess poor oral bioavailability. Thankfully, polyphenols can be encapsulated and transported using bio-based nanocarriers, thereby increasing their bioavailability. Polyphenols’ limited water solubility and low bioavailability are limiting factors for their practical usage, but this issue can be resolved if suitable delivery vehicles are developed for encapsulating and delivering polyphenolic compounds.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D for COVID-19 Vaccination
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a new, highly pathogenic virus that has recently elicited a global pandemic called the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 is characterized by significant immune dysfunction, which is caused by strong but unregulated innate immunity with depressed adaptive immunity. Reduced and delayed responses to interferons (IFN-I/IFN-III) can increase the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and extensive immune cell infiltration into the airways, leading to pulmonary disease. The development of effective treatments for severe COVID-19 patients relies on our knowledge of the pathophysiological components of this imbalanced innate immune response. Strategies to address innate response factors will be essential. Significant efforts are currently underway to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 vaccines, such as inactivated DNA, mRNA, and protein subunit vaccines, have already been applied in clinical use. Various vaccines display different levels of effectiveness, and it is important to continue to optimize and update their composition in order to increase their effectiveness. However, due to the continuous emergence of variant viruses, improving the immunity of the general public may also increase the effectiveness of the vaccines. Many observational studies have demonstrated that serum levels of vitamin D are inversely correlated with the incidence or severity of COVID-19. Extensive evidence has shown that vitamin D supplementation could be vital in mitigating the progression of COVID-19 to reduce its severity. Vitamin D defends against SARS-CoV-2 through a complex mechanism through interactions between the modulation of innate and adaptive immune reactions, ACE2 expression, and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Deep Learning for Motor Imagery Brain–Computer Interface
The field of brain–computer interface (BCI) enables us to establish a pathway between the human brain and computers, with applications in the medical and nonmedical field. Brain computer interfaces can have a significant impact on the way humans interact with machines. In recent years, the surge in computational power has enabled deep learning algorithms to act as a robust avenue for leveraging BCIs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Phospholipid Subclasses and Their Biological Functions
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterised by progressive loss of brain function. The most common of these is Alzheimer’s disease, a form of dementia. Intake of macro- and micro-nutrients impacts brain function, including memory, learning, mood, and behaviour. Lipids, particularly phospholipids and sphingolipids, are crucial structural components of neural tissues and significantly affect cognitive function. Lipids, therefore, may be able to modify the onset and progression of neurodegeneration.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Electrospun Scaffolds for Vascular Regeneration
Vascular regeneration remains a challenging issue in tissue engineering. Poor vascularization often limits the size of regenerated tissue and leads to cell death. Improving vascularization could largely increase the regeneration efficacy and the survival of regenerated tissue. Nanofibrous scaffolds are widely used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to well-known advantages, which can mimic the mechanical and structural properties of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). This review presents the recent strategies to improve nanofibrous scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Different nanofibrous scaffolds design, including nanofiber structuring and surface functionalization, to improve scaffolds properties are explained. The review also focuses on recent advances in electrospun fibrous scaffolds for vascular regeneration such as changing architecture and controlling the release of bioactive components. In vivo tests of these nanofibrous scaffolds have been considered as the further step to validate the angiogenic potential of the scaffolds.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin C in Various Diets
Recent research studies have shown that vitamin C (ascorbic acid) may affect bone mineral density and that a deficiency of ascorbic acid leads to the development of osteoporosis. Patients suffering from an inflammatory bowel disease are at a risk of low bone mineral density. It is vital to notice that patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis also are at risk of vitamin C deficiency which is due to factors such as reduced consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits, i.e., the main sources of ascorbic acid. Additionally, some patients follow diets which may provide an insufficient amount of vitamin C. The entry contains information about vitamin C content and impact of various diets- Mediterranean diet, vegetarian diets, low-carbohydrates diets and low-FODMAP diet- on bone mineral density and inflammatory bowel disease course. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Sep 2020
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