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Topic Review
Lysenkoism
Lysenkoism (Russian: Лысенковщина, romanized: Lysenkovshchina, [ɫɨˈsɛnkəfɕːʲɪnə], Ukrainian: лисенківщина, Template:IPA-uk) was a political campaign led by Trofim Lysenko against genetics and science-based agriculture in the mid-20th century, rejecting natural selection in favour of a form of Lamarckism, as well as expanding upon the techniques of vernalization and grafting. In time, the term has come to be identified as any deliberate distortion of scientific facts or theories for purposes that are deemed politically, religiously or socially desirable. More than 3,000 mainstream biologists were dismissed or imprisoned, and numerous scientists were executed in the campaign to suppress scientific opponents. The president of the Agriculture Academy, Nikolai Vavilov, who had been Lysenko's mentor, but later denounced him, was sent to prison and died there, while Soviet genetics research was effectively destroyed. Research and teaching in the fields of neurophysiology, cell biology, and many other biological disciplines were harmed or banned. Other countries of the Eastern Bloc including the People's Republic of Poland, the Republic of Czechoslovakia, and the German Democratic Republic accepted Lysenkoism as the official "new biology", to varying degrees, as did the People's Republic of China for some years. The government of the USSR supported the campaign, and Joseph Stalin personally edited a speech by Lysenko in a way that reflected his support for what would come to be known as Lysenkoism, despite his skepticism toward Lysenko's assertion that all science is class-oriented in nature. Lysenko served as the director of the Soviet Union's Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
  • 5.2K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
British Sheep Breed Diversity
The UK can be proud of the fact that numerous native breeds of sheep have been developed here that possess unique phenotypic features and excellent productivity and are utilized throughout the world. Their remarkable popularity and further sustainable breeding on grass pastures of British Isles and elsewhere can benefit from genomic applications. At present, there is a rich arsenal of genetic and genomic resources, tools and applications used for livestock assessment, breeding and production including, first of all, genetic profiling of diverse breeds, and search for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes in farm animals. These genomic advances facilitate breed improvement and understanding of the genetic processes in the course of domestication and breed evolution.
  • 5.2K
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Faster-Than-Light Communication
Superluminal communication is a hypothetical process in which information is sent at faster-than-light (FTL) speeds. The current scientific consensus is that faster-than-light communication is not possible, and to date it has not been achieved in any experiment. Under present knowledge superluminal communication is impossible because, in a Lorentz-invariant theory, it could be used to transmit information into the past. This contradicts causality and leads to logical paradoxes. A number of theories and phenomena related to superluminal communication have been proposed or studied, including tachyons, quantum nonlocality, and wormholes.
  • 5.2K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Diffused Religion Beyond Secularization
Diffused religion theory concerns the capacity of a dominant religion in a country to remain solid for centuries.
  • 5.2K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Epididymis
The epididymis is a convoluted, crescent-shaped structure that connects the testis to the vas deferens and has four main anatomical regions each with unique characteristics and functions: the initial segment, caput (head), corpus (body) and cauda (tail).
  • 5.2K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Yandex Self-Driving Car
Yandex self-driving car (Yandex Self-Driving Group) is a robotaxi project of the Russian-based internet corporation Yandex. The first driverless prototype launched in May 2017. As of 2018, functional service was launched in Russia with prototypes also being tested in Israel and the US. In 2019, Yandex revealed autonomous delivery robots based on the same technology stack as the company's self-driving cars. Since 2020, autonomous robots have been delivering food, groceries and parcels in Russia and the USA. In 2020, the self-driving project was spun-off into a standalone company under the name of Yandex Self-Driving Group (Yandex SDG).
  • 5.2K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biodiesel from Castor Oil
An attractive alternative to the use of fossil fuels is biodiesel, which can be obtained from a variety of feedstock through different transesterification systems such as ultrasound, microwave, biological, chemical, among others. The efficient and cost-effective biodiesel production depends on several parameters such as free fatty acid content in the feedstock, transesterification reaction efficiency, alcohol: oil ratio, catalysts type, and several parameters during the production process. However, biodiesel production from vegetable oils is under development, causing the final price of biodiesel to be higher than diesel derived from petroleum. An alternative to decrease the production costs will be the use of economical feedstocks and simple production processes. Castor oil is an excellent raw material in terms of price and quality, but especially this non-edible vegetable oil does not have any issues or compromise food security. Recently, the use of castor oil has attracted attention for producing and optimizing biodiesel production, due to the high content of ricinoleic fatty acid and the possibility to esterify with only methanol, which assures low production costs. Additionally, biodiesel from castor oil has different advantages over conventional diesel. Some of them are biodegradable, non-toxic, renewable, they can be used alone, low greenhouse gas emission, among others. This review discusses and analyzes different transesterification processes, technologies, as well as different technical aspects during biodiesel production using castor oil as a feedstock.
  • 5.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Western European Colonialism and Colonization
File:SierraLeoneHofstra3.1.tiff European colonialism and colonization was the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over other societies and territories, creating a colony, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. Research suggests, the current conditions of postcolonial countries have roots in colonial actions and policies. For example, colonial policies, such as the type of rule implemented, the nature of investments, and identity of the colonizers, are cited as impacting postcolonial states. Examination of the state-building process, economic development, and cultural norms and mores shows the direct and indirect consequences of colonialism on the postcolonial states.
  • 5.2K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Who Killed Captain Alex?
Who Killed Captain Alex? is a 2010 Ugandan action-comedy film written, produced, and directed by Nabwana IGG, in Wakaliwood, an ultra low-budget studio in Kampala, Uganda. It has gained viral notoriety for being a no-budget action film, produced on a reported budget of under $200. A trailer for the film was uploaded to YouTube in January 2010, and has been viewed over 2.2 million times as of May 2018. The original version of the film was lost due to power outages and "strained conditions", while the surviving version of Who Killed Captain Alex? released online includes an English "Video Joker" commentary that adds in running gags about the characters.
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  • 02 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Blockchain and Machine Learning for Future Smart Grids
A wide range of solutions, beyond the classical one of building more lines, cables and transformers, have been proposed to modernize the power grid with new technologies, enabling a more smart automatic networked system. These solutions, typically using new technology, go by the name “smart grids” (SG) or “smart-grid technology”. Blockchain technology (BC) is a viable solution to overcome the issues of centralized system. BC is an immutable, distributed and P2P network that provides security, privacy and trust among peers using cryptographic techniques. Machine learning (ML) techniques can be exploited to develop energy prediction algorithms and the proper scheduling of energy usage. A large amount of the energy consumption data of several users is generated from smart meters that also contain users’ private/confidential information as well as sensitive information of utility providers. This high volume of data increases the complexity of data analysis. 
  • 5.2K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
IoT-Enabled Smart Cities
Smart cities have been significantly developed and have greatly expanded their potential. In fact, novel advancements to the Internet of things (IoT) have paved the way for new possibilities, representing a set of key enabling technologies for smart cities and allowing the production and automation of innovative services and advanced applications for the different city stakeholders. 
  • 5.2K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Rainbows in Culture
The rainbow, a natural phenomenon noted for its design and its place in the sky, has been a favorite component of art and religion throughout history.
  • 5.2K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Impact of the Internet on Hip Hop
The World Wide Web has changed the genre of hip hop. It has given hip-hop artists the ability to create and share music at incredible rates. Through the constant influx of new music being posted online by artists, new styles and genres of hip hop have been created.
  • 5.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Oromandibular Dystonia
Botulinum neurotoxin injection is effective and safe, with few side effects in most cases when properly administered by an experienced clinician. The diagnosis and treatment of oromandibular dystonia require both neurological and dental or oral surgical knowledge and skills, and well-designed multicenter trials with a multidisciplinary team approach must be necessary to ensure accurate diagnosis and proper treatment. 
  • 5.2K
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Carbon Dots
There are many studies on the different synthesis methods of carbon dots. Each process aims to improve the synthesis strategy and optimize the reaction conditions so that the carbon dots are not only more cost-effective and eco-friendly, but also provide more excellent performance.
  • 5.2K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
List of Selected Stars for Navigation
Fifty-eight selected navigational stars are given a special status in the field of celestial navigation. Of the approximately 6,000 stars visible to the naked eye under optimal conditions, the selected stars are among the brightest and span 38 constellations of the celestial sphere from the declination of −70° to +89°. Many of the selected stars were named in antiquity by the Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, and Arabs. The star Polaris, often called the "North Star", is treated specially due to its proximity to the north celestial pole. When navigating in the Northern Hemisphere, special techniques can be used with Polaris to determine latitude or gyrocompass error. The other 57 selected stars have daily positions given in nautical almanacs, aiding the navigator in efficiently performing observations on them. A second group of 115 "tabulated stars" can also be used for celestial navigation, but are often less familiar to the navigator and require extra calculations. For purposes of identification, the positions of navigational stars — expressed as declination and sidereal hour angle — are often rounded to the nearest degree. In addition to tables, star charts provide an aid to the navigator in identifying the navigational stars, showing constellations, relative positions, and brightness.
  • 5.2K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) involves the utilization of microbes and their by-products, such as biosurfactants, biopolymers, biogenic acids, solvents, biogases, biomass, and emulsifiers, to stimulate the production of oil by mobilizing residual reserves.
  • 5.2K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Toxicological Risks of the Cobalt–Chromium Alloys in Dentistry
Cobalt–chromium (Co-Cr) alloys have been used for a long period of time in dentistry, but several risk factors remain involved. The toxicological risk of Co-Cr dental alloys is actually a sensitive subject with the European regulatory changes, namely regulation (EU) 2017/745 and annex VI to the CLP regulation (EC) 1972/2008. Studies assessing Co-Cr dental alloys’ biocompatibility are urgently needed.
  • 5.2K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Chi square statistic
The Chi-Square test is based on a series of assumptions frequently used in the statistical analysis of experimental data. The main weakness of the chi-square test is that is very accurate only in convergence (in large size samples), and for small sample sizes is exposed to errors of both types (type I and type II). On two scenarios of use - goodness of fit and contingencies assessment (2x2 tables of contingency) - here are discussed different aspects involving it. Further knowledge on the regard of the type of the error in contingencies assessment push further the analysis of the data, while in the same time opens the opportunity to devise a method for filling the gaps in contingencies (e.g. censored data), both scenarios being discussed here in detail. A program designed to fill the gaps in the assumption of the association is provided.
  • 5.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Equine Collagen
Equine collagen is referred to type I collagen extracted from horse tissues that, in the last two decades, aroused great scientific and industrial interest in the field of life-science and bioengineering as alternative to bovine collagen for the manufacture of implantable medical devices. Commonly used sources of collagen are represented by bovine and swine, but their limited applications because of the zoonosis transmission risks, the immune response and the religious constrains lead to the identification of other collagen sources. In this circumstance, type I collagen isolated from horse tendon recently gained interest as an attractive alternative, so that, although bovine- and porcine-derived collagens still remain the most common ones, more and more companies started to bring to market several of equine tendon collagen-based products. Its favorable structural properties, its well-known bioactivity, its freedom from zoonosis transmission risks and the ability to not trigger immune reactions make equine collagen particularly appealing in medicine, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
  • 5.2K
  • 17 Nov 2020
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