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Topic Review
Plant Xyloglucan:Xyloglucosyl Transferases
Plant xyloglucan:xyloglucosyl transferases, known as xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XETs) are the key players that underlie plant cell wall dynamics and mechanics. These fundamental roles are central for the assembly and modifications of cell walls during embryogenesis, vegetative and reproductive growth, and adaptations to living environments under biotic and abiotic (environmental) stresses. Xyloglucan:xyloglucosyl transferases or xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET), classified under EC 2.4.1.207, transfer the glycosyl groups from one glycoside to another. These enzymes were discovered in 1992 independently in bean epicotyls, nasturtium seeds, and pea, tomato and other plant extracts, and since their discovery, significant knowledge has been accumulated on their mode of action.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Activity and Affinity of Pin1 Variants
Pin1, or Protein interacting with Never-in-Mitosis (NIMA) 1, is a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase responsible for isomerizing phosphorylated S/T-P motifs. Pin1 has two domains that each have a distinct ligand binding site, but only its PPIase domain has catalytic activity. Vast evidence supports interdomain allostery of Pin1, with binding of a ligand to its regulatory WW domain impacting activity in the PPIase domain. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Conservation Physiology of Bryophytes
Conservation physiology is a rather new scientific discipline emerging over the last several decades with the aim of solving the conservation problems of different biological entities. This is an integrative approach applying physiological concepts and tools to gain new knowledge about the features of those targeted biological entities which are the subject of conservation.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Polymer Biodegradation for Oilfield Applications
Polymers including guar gum and related compounds, cellulose-based gels, and acrylamide-based polymers (PAM and HPAM) are used in the petroleum industry mainly for increasing viscosity and reducing friction in the reservoirs during water flooding and hydraulic fracturing.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) belongs to the body of thrombotic microangiopathies, a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by a triad of features: thrombocytopenia, mechanical hemolytic anemia with schistocytosis, and ischemic organ damage. It is caused by gastrointestinal infection by a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (and occasionally other pathogens) and is also called “typical” HUS, as opposed to “atypical” HUS, which results from alternative complement pathway dysregulation, and “secondary” HUS, caused by various co-existing conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Aegerolysins
Aegerolysins are remarkable proteins. They are distributed over the tree of life, being relatively widespread in fungi and bacteria, but also present in some insects, plants, protozoa, and viruses. Their function, in particular, is intriguing. Aegerolysin proteins are involved in various interactions by recognizing a molecular receptor in the target organism. Despite their abundance in cells of certain developmental stages and their presence in secretomes, only a few aegerolysins have been studied in detail. Formation of pores with various larger non-aegerolysin-like protein partners is one of the possible responses of the aegerolysin-producing organism in competitive exclusion of other organisms from the ecological niche.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Complement–Sphingolipid System in COVID-19 and Gaucher Diseases
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced disease (COVID-19) and Gaucher disease (GD) exhibit upregulation of complement 5a (C5a) and its C5aR1 receptor, and excess synthesis of glycosphingolipids that lead to increased infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in massive generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. This C5a–C5aR1–glycosphingolipid pathway- induced pro-inflammatory environment causes the tissue damage in COVID-19 and GD. Strikingly, pharmaceutically targeting the C5a–C5aR1 axis or the glycosphingolipid synthesis pathway led to a reduction in glycosphingolipid synthesis and innate and adaptive immune inflammation, and protection from the tissue destruction in both COVID-19 and GD. 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Central Nervous System
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) form a heterogeneous group of membrane-enclosed structures secreted by all cell types. EVs export encapsulated materials composed of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, making them a key mediator in cell–cell communication. In the context of the neurovascular unit (NVU), a tightly interacting multicellular brain complex, EVs play a role in intercellular communication and in maintaining NVU functionality. In addition, NVU-derived EVs can also impact peripheral tissues by crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to reach the blood stream. As such, EVs have been shown to be involved in the physiopathology of numerous neurological diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Surface Modifications on Magnesium Alloys for Biomedical Applications
Magnesium (Mg) alloys have great potential in biomedical applications due to their incomparable properties regarding other metals, such as stainless steels, Co–Cr alloys, and titanium (Ti) alloys. However, when Mg engages with body fluids, its degradation rate increases, inhibiting the complete healing of bone tissue. For this reason, it has been necessary to implement protective coatings to control the rate of degradation. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Control System of Wind Diesel Hybrid Systems
In regions with high renewable energy sources (RES) potential, hybrid energy systems based on diesel generators (DG) and RES are used providing diesel fuel economy. Wind diesel hybrid systems (WDHS) and wind solar diesel hybrid systems (WSDHS) are mostly widespread. The WDHS control system should select the system’s optimum operation, providing the maximum use of wind power within the whole range of wind speeds and load power. The current algorithms and control methods of WDHS and integrated WT, providing optimal scheduling and diesel fuel economy. WDHS use energy management system (EMS) and algorithms, maintaining frequency and voltage values in the system. WT control systems are used prediction methods of wind turbine (WT) energy generation, algorithms of the maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and optimal operation selection. The optimization methods of energy storage systems (ESS) charge/discharge modes are used as well.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Delivery Systems for the Controlled Release of Scents
Scents are volatile compounds highly employed in a wide range of manufactured items, such as fine perfumery, household products, and functional foods. One of the main directions of the research in this area aims to enhance the longevity of scents by designing efficient delivery systems to control the release rate of these volatile molecules and also increase their stability. Several approaches to release scents in a controlled manner have been developed in recent years. Thus, different controlled release systems have been prepared, including polymers, metal–organic frameworks and mechanically interlocked systems, among others. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Obstruction and Advancement in Achieving SDG in Bangladesh
For a developing country such as Bangladesh, renewable energy is immensely important for its entire development and advancement. Bangladesh has taken steps to increase the development capacity in the renewable energy sector and to fulfill the target of achieving one hundred percent electrification. 
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Paper-Based Humidity Sensors
Paper, especially nanopaper, is a very promising material for the development of low-cost flexible humidity sensors suitable for a wide range of applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Ginger Polysaccharides
Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (ginger) is a widely distributed plant with a long history of cultivation and consumption. Ginger can be used as a spice, condiment, food, nutrition, and as an herb. Significantly, the polysaccharides extracted from ginger show surprising and satisfactory biological activity, which explains the various benefits of ginger on human health, including anti-influenza, anti-colitis, anti-tussive, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor effects. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Comorbidities in COPD
Oxidative stress driven by several environmental and local airway factors associated with chronic obstructive bronchiolitis, a hallmark feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), plays a crucial role in the disease pathomechanisms. Unbalance between oxidants and antioxidant defense mechanisms amplifies the local inflammatory processes, has systemic effects, contributes to developing COPD–related comorbidities, and worsens cardiovascular health. COPD often coexists with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs are not only the most common comorbidities perceived in COP, but also account for an increased risk of death in COPD patients.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Epistemic Injustice
Epistemic injustice constitutes psychological harm done to an individual based on prejudice about their capacity as a knower. The term is further divided into hermeneutical and testimonial injustice. Hermeneutical injustice occurs as a result of structural prejudice, whereas testimonial injustice is defined as prejudice that causes the hearer to ascribe a deflated level of credibility to the speaker.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Basophils and Mast Cells in COVID-19 Pathogenesis
Basophils and mast cells are among the principal inducers of Th2 responses and have a crucial role in allergic and anti-parasitic protective immunity. Basophils can function as antigen-presenting cells that bind antigens on their surface and boost humoral immune responses, inducing Th2 cell differentiation. Their depletion results in lower humoral memory activation and greater infection susceptibility. Basophils seem to have an active role upon immune response to SARS-CoV-2. In fact, a coordinate adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is magnified by basophils. It has been observed that basophil amount is lower during acute disease with respect to the recovery phase and that the grade of this depletion is an important determinant of the antibody response to the virus. Moreover, mast cells, present in a great quantity in the nasal epithelial and lung cells, participate in the first immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Their activation results in a hyperinflammatory syndrome through the release of inflammatory molecules, participating to the “cytokine storm” and, in a longer period, inducing pulmonary fibrosis. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
5G-Based Technologies in Logistics and Supply Chain
The transport and logistics industry plays a crucial role in supporting the economy, but it faces various challenges, including high costs and the need for operational efficiency. To address these challenges, the industry is embracing digital transformation, and 5G networks are expected to play a significant role in this process. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Advantages of 2D Materials and Cellulose in Biosensors
The use of 2D materials in biosensor applications provides several advantages, including excellent mechanical, optical, and electrical properties. These properties are essential for the development of wearable biosensors that enable real-time monitoring of human health information and accurate measurement of vital signs. Integrating 2D materials into wearable biosensors has expanded opportunities for early detection of life-threatening diseases and continuous health tracking. In addition to 2D materials, cellulose-based biosensors also offer significant benefits. They are cost-effective, highly sensitive, and compatible with portable sensing devices used in biomedical applications. One major advancement in this field is the functionalization of cellulose papers with antibodies, nucleic acids, and nanomaterials in PBBs (paper-based bioassays) and μPADs (microfluidic paper-slip devices). Hence, the application of 2D materials and cellulose in medical diagnostics and biosensors has shown great potential. These materials have unique properties that make them suitable for various applications, including disease detection, real-time monitoring, and point-of-care diagnostics.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Dietary Macronutrients in Modulating Gut Microbiota
Over the past two decades a plethora of studies have identified broad-spanning associated links between the gut microbiota and systemic health and disease risk. The responses of the gut microbiota to sensitive factors are considered to be a valuable tool to exploit and develop new strategies to promote human health. Among these influential factors, dietary factors, including micro- and macro-nutrients, are the most influential in shaping and modulating the human gut microbiota.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jun 2022
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