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Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (ginger) is a widely distributed plant with a long history of cultivation and consumption. Ginger can be used as a spice, condiment, food, nutrition, and as an herb. Significantly, the polysaccharides extracted from ginger show surprising and satisfactory biological activity, which explains the various benefits of ginger on human health, including anti-influenza, anti-colitis, anti-tussive, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor effects.
Polysaccharide Fraction | Extraction Methods | Time (min) | Temperature (°C) | Solid–Liquid Ratio (g/mL) | Total Yield (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ginger polysaccharide (GPS) | Complex-enzyme hydrolysis extraction | 60 min | 55 °C | 1:25 | 22.18% | [32] |
Ginger pomace polysaccharides extracted by hot water (HW-GPPs) | Hot water extraction | 120 min | 70 °C | 1:40 | 12.13 ± 1.15% | [33] |
Ginger pomace polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic–assisted (UA-GPPs) | Ultrasonic assisted extraction | 17 min | 74 °C | 1:40 | 16.62 ± 1.82% | [33] |
A neutral ginger polysaccharide fraction (NGP) | Hot water extraction | 180 min | 90 °C | 1:20 | N/A | [34] |
A water extracted polysaccharides (WEP) containing fraction from ginger rhizome | Hot water extraction | 60 min | 100 °C | N/A | N/A | [35] |
Crude ginger polysaccharides were extracted by hot water extraction (HCGP) | Hot water extraction | 240 min | 100 °C | 1:20 | 11.74 ± 0.23% | [36] |
Crude ginger polysaccharides were extracted by enzyme assisted extraction (ECGP) | Enzyme assisted extraction | 120 min | 40 °C | 1:25 | 7.00 ± 0.04% | [36] |
Crude ginger polysaccharides were extracted by ultrasonic cell grinder extraction (UCGP) | Ultrasonic cell grinder extraction | 30 min | N/A | 1:25 | 18.06 ± 0.05% | [36] |
Polysaccharides from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) stems and leaves (GSLP) | Hot water extraction | 300 min | 100 °C | 1:20 | 6.83 ± 0.54% | [37] |
Polysaccharides from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) stems and leaves (GSLP) | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | 60 min | 50 °C | 1:20 | 8.29 ± 0.31% | [37] |
Polysaccharides from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) stems and leaves (GSLP) | Alkaline solution extraction | 120 min | 25 °C | 1:20 | 11.38 ± 1.17% | [37] |
Polysaccharides from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) stems and leaves (GSLP) | Enzyme-assisted extraction | 90 min | 50 °C | 1:20 | 8.13 ± 0.85% | [37] |
A novel polysaccharide (ZOP) was extracted from Zingiber officinale Roscoe. | Ultrasonic assisted extraction | 120 min | 90 °C | 1:30 | N/A | [38] |
Ginger polysaccharide (GP) | Hot water extraction | 60 min | 100 °C | 1: 20 | N/A | [29] |
Source | Compound Name | Molecular Weights | Monosaccharide Composition | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rhizome | Ginger polysaccharide 2 (GP2) | 12.619 kDa | Ara:Man:Glu:Gal = 4.78:16.70:61.77:16.75 | [32] |
Rhizome | Ginger polysaccharide 1 (GP1) | 6.128 kDa | Man:Glu:Gal = 4.96:92.24:2.80 | [32] |
Rhizome | Ginger polysaccharide (GP) | N/A | Rha:Ara:Man:Glu:Gal = 3.64:5.37:3.04:61.03:26.91 | [32] |
Ginger pomace | Ginger pomace polysaccharide 1 extracted by hot water (HW-GPP1) | 89.2 kDa | Man:Rha:Glu = 19.40 ± 0.06:12.27 ± 0.05:68.33 ± 0.24 | [33] |
Ginger pomace | Ginger pomace polysaccharide 2 extracted by hot water (HW-GPP2) | 939.8 kDa | Man:Rha:Glu:Xyl:Ara = 11.84 ± 0.13:9.36 ± 0.02:58.05 ± 0.07:12.68 ± 0.15:8.07 ± 0.08. | [33] |
Ginger pomace | Ginger pomace polysaccharide 3 extracted by hot water (HW-GPP3) | 1007.9 kDa | Man:Rha:Glu:Gal:Xyl:Ara = 11.33 ± 0.05:13.90 ± 0.03:50.01 ± 0.13:10.96 ± 0.13:4.73 ± 0.09:9.07 ± 0.14 | [33] |
Ginger pomace | Ginger pomace polysaccharide 1 extracted by ultrasonic–assisted (UA-GPP1) | 40.6 kDa | Man:Rha:Glu = 17.56 ± 0.11:7.72 ± 0.29:74.72 ± 0.27 | [33] |
Ginger pomace | Ginger pomace polysaccharide 2 extracted by ultrasonic–assisted (UA-GPP2) | 868.1 kDa | Man:Rha:Glu:Xyl:Ara = 13.18 ± 0.05:9.03 ± 0.08:63.78 ± 0.14:8.97 ± 0.15:5.04 ± 0.08 | [33] |
Ginger pomace | Ginger pomace polysaccharide 3 extracted by ultrasonic–assisted (UA-GPP3) | 892.7 kDa | Man:Rha:Glu:Gal:Xyl:Ara = 8.32 ± 0.09:9.01 ± 0.02:59.28 ± 0.11:4.33 ± 0.03:12.19 ± 0.12:6.87 ± 0.05 | [33] |
Rhizome | A neutral ginger polysaccharide fraction (NGP) | 6.305 kDa | Glu:Gal:Ara = 93.88:3.27:1.67 | [34] |
Rhizome | A water extracted polysaccharides (WEP) containing fraction from ginger | 36 kDa | N/A | [35] |
Rhizome | Ginger polysaccharides were extracted by hot water extraction (HGP) | 1831.75 kDa | Man:Gal = 3.1:0.9 | [36] |
Rhizome | Ginger polysaccharides were extracted by enzyme assisted extraction (EGP1) | 11.81 kDa | Man:Glu:Gal:Ara = 13.3:80.7:4.0:2.0 | [36] |
Rhizome | Ginger polysaccharides were extracted by enzyme assisted extraction (EGP2) | 688.73 kDa | Man:Rha:Glu:Gal:Xyl:Ara = 49.4:0.8:32.6:7.7:2.5:7.0 | [36] |
Rhizome | Ginger polysaccharides were extracted by ultrasonic cell grinder extraction (UGP1) | 769.19 kDa | Man:Glu:Gal:Ara = 28.0:59.2:9.6:3.2 | [36] |
Rhizome | Ginger polysaccharides were extracted by ultrasonic cell grinder extraction (UGP2) | 1432.80 kDa | Man:Rha:Glu:Gal:Xyl:Ara = 27.2:2.2:12.0:26.3:10.5:21.7 | [36] |
Stems and leaves | Polysaccharides from ginger stems and leaves (GSLP) by hot water extraction (HWE-GSLP) | N/A | Man:Rha:Glu:Gal:Xyl:Ara:GlcA:GalA = 1.95:17.22:4.69:38.88:5.66:28.42:1.81:1.34 | [37] |
Stems and leaves | Polysaccharides from ginger stems and leaves (GSLP) by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE-GSLP) | N/A | Man:Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:GlcA:GalA = 2.11:16.06:7.518:32.44:7.764:28.43:1.74:3.95 | [37] |
Stems and leaves | Polysaccharides from ginger stems and leaves (GSLP) by alkaline solution extraction (ASE-GSLP) | N/A | Man:Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:GlcA:GalA = 2.20:16.24:7.453:34.09:6.36:26.72:1.98:4.96 | [37] |
Stems and leaves | Polysaccharides from ginger stems and leaves (GSLP) by enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE-GSLP) | N/A | Man:Rha:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:GlcA:GalA = 1.47:9.63:3.84:15.31:27.94:35.55:3.68:2.586 | [37] |
Rhizome | A novel polysaccharide (ZOP) was extracted from Zingiber officinale | 6040 kDa (7.17 %) and 5.42 kDa (92.83 %) | GlcA:GalA:Glu:Gal:Ara = 1.97:1.15:94.33:1.48:1.07 | [38] |
Rhizome | Zingiber officinale polysaccharides (ZOP) | 6040 kDa (7.17 %) and 5.42 kDa (92.83 %) | GlcA:GalA:Glc:Gal:Ara = 1.97:1.15:94.33:1.48:1.07 | [38] |
Rhizome | Zingiber officinale polysaccharides 1 (ZOP-1) | 837 kDa | Glc:Gal:Ara = 1.00:95.09:2.26 | [38] |
Rhizome | Ginger polysaccharides (GP) | 747.2 kDa | Man:Rha:GlcA:GalA:Glc:Gal:Xyl:Ara:Fuc = 0.17:0.13:0.21:0.12:0.08:1:0.16:0.64:0.18 | [29] |
Rhizome | Ginger polysaccharides UGP1 | 1002 kDa | N/A | [43] |
Rhizome | Ginger polysaccharides UGP2 | 1296 kDa | N/A | [43] |
Biological Activities | Compound Name | In Vitro or In Vivo | Indicated Concentrations and Animal Experiments/Test System | Action or Mechanism | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-oxidant effects | Polysaccharides from ginger stems and leaves (HWE-GSLP, UAE-GSLP, ASE-GSLP and EAE-GSLP) | In vitro | ABTS radical scavenging activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, chelating activity, and ferric reducing power. | ABTS radical scavenging activity: These samples’ anti-oxidant capacities of ABTS, although better than those of HWE-GSLP and UAE-GSLP, did not exceed those of Ascorbic acid (VC); DPPH radical scavenging activity: ASE-GSLP (IC50 = 0.492 mg/mL) < EAE-GSLP (IC50 = 0.975 mg/mL) < UAE-GSLP (IC50 = 2.877 mg/mL) < HWE-GSLP (IC50 = 3.583 mg/mL); Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity: ASE-GSLP exhibited higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity than the other polysaccharides; Superoxide radical scavenging activity: The experimental IC50 values followed the trend ASE-GSLP < EAE-GSLP < UAE-GSLP < HWE-GSLP. | [37][38][44] |
Chelating activity: The strong Fe2+ chelating activity of EAE-GSLP and UAE-GSLP might be partially due to the high contents of–COOH and C-O groups in their structures; Ferric reducing power: In solutions of concentrations between 0.25 and 5.0 mg/mL, the reducing power of the EAE-GSLP was the greatest, followed by ASE-GSLP. | |||||
Anti-tumor effects | Five purified ginger polysaccharides were obtained, namely HGP, EGP1, EGP2, UGP1 and UGP2 | In vitro | The human colon cancer HCT 116 cell line, human cervical cancer Hela cell line, human lung adenocarcinoma H1975 cell line, human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line, mouse melanoma B16 cell line | UGP1 has a strong inhibitory effect on these kinds of tumor cells such as Hela and HCT116, of which the inhibitory effect of UGP1 on the human colon cancer HCT116 cell linen is relatively high (56.843 + 2.405%), which indicates that UGP1 may be a potential drug for the treatment of colon cancer. | [36] |
Anti-influenza effects | The mixed polysaccharides (MPs) extracted from shiitake mushroom, poriacocos, gin-ger, and tangerine peel | In vivo | 0.342 g/mL, four-week-old female BALB/c mice | Immune mice: The levels of IgG and IgG2a in the serum of mice treated with MPs were higher. | [45][46] |
Non-immune mice: The CD3+, CD19+ and CD25+ cell proportions were up-regulated in thymus under MPs pretreatment. | |||||
Anti-colitis effects | Ginger polysaccharides (GP) | In vivo | SPF grade eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice | GP alleviated UC symptoms by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines levels to regulate intestinal inflammation, repairing the intestinal barrier, as indicated by occludin-1 and ZOP-1, and regulating gut microbiota. | [29] |
Anti-tussive effects | A water extracted ginger polysaccharides (WEP) | In vivo | 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight, thirty adult healthy male TRIK strain guinea pigs | WEP could reduce the number of coughs effort but did not affect the specific airway resistance of animals. | [35] |