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Topic Review
Psycho-Oncology
Psycho-oncology is an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of physical, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of the cancer experience for both patients and caregivers. Also known as psychiatric oncology or psychosocial oncology, researchers and practitioners in the field are concerned with aspects of individuals' experience with cancer beyond medical treatment, and across the cancer trajectory, including at diagnosis, during treatment, transitioning to and throughout survivorship, and approaching the end-of-life. Founded by Jimmie Holland in 1977 via the incorporation of a psychiatric service within the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York, the field has expanded drastically since and is now universally recognized as an integral component of quality cancer care. Cancer centers in major academic medical centers across the country now uniformly incorporate a psycho-oncology service into their clinical care, and provide infrastructure to support research efforts to advance knowledge in the field. Psycho-oncology deals with psychological reactions to the experience of cancer, the behavioral component of coping with cancer as well as health behavior change including preventive medicine, and social factors that are associated with diagnosis and treatment of cancer, including communication with providers and loved ones and social support. In addition, research related to the influence of psychosocial factors on biological disease-related processes has burgeoned over the past two decades. Much research takes a biopsychosocial approach to account for the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors in coping with cancer. The integration of psycho-oncology into routine oncologic care represents a major step forward in terms of care for the whole patient.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biohydrogen for Sustainable Energy Solutions
Energy plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of modern nations. Hydrogen is considered the most promising alternative fuel as it can be generated from clean and green sources. Moreover, it is an efficient energy carrier because hydrogen burning only generates water as a byproduct. It is generated from natural gas. However, it can be produced using other methods, i.e., physicochemical, thermal, and biological. The biological method is considered more environmentally friendly and pollution free.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Herbicide Resistance Risk and Novel Potential Herbicide Targets
To date, effectively controlling resistant weeds has been a great challenge in modern agricultural production. Developing new modes of action of herbicides would be an efficient, convenient, and . In particular, new modes of herbicide action do not appear to have evolutionary resistance or cross-resistance with existing herbicides. However, a few successful herbicides with new modes of action (MoAs) have been marketed in the past 20 years. Researchers summarized the positive herbicide targets for the herbicides that have been discovered in recent years, such as Solanyl Diphosphate Synthase (SPS), Fatty Acid Thioesterase (FAT), Plastid Peptide Deformylase (PDEF), and Dihydroxy-Acid Dehydratase (DHAD). Some commercial herbicide varieties have been obtained based on novel herbicide targets, such as Homogentisate Solanesyltransferase (HST) and Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH). This provides a new reference and idea for herbicide molecular design in the future. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Multiple Real-World Applications for Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing
The metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) method is preferred for genotyping identification of organisms, identification at the species level, illumination of metabolic pathways, and determination of microbiota.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Technologies for 3D Localization
Due to the uniqueness of each indoor environment and the immaturity and cost of various technologies (e.g., UWB, mmWave), there are no established standards for indoor positioning systems yet. In practice, each installation is adapted to spatial dimensions, structural materials, accuracy specifications and budget restrictions. Therefore, several different wireless positioning techniques and algorithms are currently being utilized and several more have been reported in the literature, which take advantage of Radio Access Technologies (RATs) such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ultrawideband (UWB), mmWave, cellular (2G–6G), etc. The importance of such technologies is their integration in modern smart devices. Alternative non-radio technologies applied in modern systems are ultrasound, inertial sensors and Visible Light Communication (VLC).
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Display Technology
Molecular display technology or cell-surface engineering is a biotechnological method of genetic engineering that is focused on the cell surface.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction-Related Post-Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation
The endothelium is a very active organ formed by a thin layer of heterogeneous cells that delignate the barrier between the circulating blood and other tissues. Normal function of the endothelium is of paramount clinical significance, as it plays a key role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and a balanced coagulation but also in host defense, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) remains the only therapy with a curative potential for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. The major limitation of the procedure is the significant morbidity and mortality mainly associated with the development of graft versus host disease (GVHD) as well as with a series of complications related to endothelial injury, such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease (SOS/VOD), transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA), etc. Endothelial cells (ECs) are key players in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and during allo-HSCT are confronted by multiple challenges, such as the toxicity from conditioning, the administration of calcineurin inhibitors, the immunosuppression associated infections, and the donor alloreactivity against host tissues. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
MEG3 in Carcinogenesis of Heavy Metals
Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), a long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), functions as a tumor suppressor. MEG3 regulates cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, hypoxia, autophagy, and many other processes involved in tumor development. MEG3 is downregulated in various cancer cell lines and primary human cancers. Heavy metals, such as hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), arsenic, nickel, and cadmium, are confirmed human carcinogens. The exposure of cells to these metals causes a variety of cancers. Most heavy metals are toxic and carcinogenic to humans. Heavy metals are widely utilized in various industrial and agricultural products, such as paints, batteries, pigments, electronic waste, and insecticides/pesticides. Contaminated heavy metals in the environment flow into soil, lake, river, and ocean through rain and groundwater, where the metals accumulate via the circulating bio-system, resulting in high concentrations in humans. Chromium (Cr(VI)), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) are listed as Group 1 human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Studies have indicated that exposure to these metals disrupts cellular signaling pathways, such as damaged repair processes, reduced gene expression of tumor suppressors, and aberrant metabolism, leading to carcinogenesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Aspirin Therapy, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia
Dementia is associated with a greater burden of cardiovascular risk factors. There is a significant vascular contribution to dementia, and aspirin may play a role in targeting this vascular dysregulation via its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. Aspirin has effects on the primary prevention of cognitive impairment and various subtypes of dementia, as well as its role in cognitive decline in certain subsets of patients, including those with cerebral small vessel disease (CVSD), coronary heart disease (CHD), and gender differences. Overall, the benefits of aspirin in preventing dementia and cognitive decline remain inconclusive. The majority of cohort studies investigating aspirin’s role in preventing cognitive decline or dementia looked promising, but this was not supported in most randomised controlled trials.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Monoamine Oxidases
On the one hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the onset and progression of a wide array of diseases. On the other hand, these are a part of signaling pathways related to cell metabolism, growth and survival. While ROS are produced at various cellular sites, in cardiomyocytes the largest amount of ROS is generated by mitochondria. Apart from the electron transport chain and various other proteins, monoamine oxidases (MAO) has been proposed to modify mitochondrial ROS formation. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
High-Precision Trace Hydrogen Sensing
Despite its growing importance in the energy generation and storage industry, the detection of hydrogen in trace concentrations remains challenging, as established optical absorption methods are ineffective in probing homonuclear diatomics. Besides indirect detection approaches using, e.g., chemically sensitized microdevices, Raman scattering has shown promise as an alternative direct method of unambiguous hydrogen chemical fingerprinting. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Re-Thinking Data Strategy and Integration for Artificial Intelligence
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming more prevalent across industries such as healthcare, finance, and transportation. Artificial intelligence is based on the analysis of large datasets and requires a continuous supply of high-quality data. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Connectivity Analysis in EEG Data
Despite high-spatial-resolution imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) being widely used to map this complex network of multiple interactions, electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings claim high temporal resolution and are thus perfectly suitable to describe either spatially distributed and temporally dynamic patterns of neural activation and connectivity.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Targeted Radionuclide Therapy
Targeted radionuclide therapy has become increasingly prominent as a nuclear medicine subspecialty. Treatment with radionuclides has been mainly restricted to the use of iodine-131 in thyroid disorders. Radiopharmaceuticals, consisting of a radionuclide coupled to a vector that binds to a desired biological target with high specificity, are being developed. The objective is to be as selective as possible at the tumor level, while limiting the dose received at the healthy tissue level. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms of cancer, as well as the appearance of innovative targeting agents (antibodies, peptides, and small molecules) and the availability of new radioisotopes, have enabled considerable advances in the field of vectorized internal radiotherapy with a better therapeutic efficacy, radiation safety and personalized treatments. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Oral Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders in Development
Breast cancer is a common type of cancer among women. One type, estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), is treated with endocrine therapies. However, some patients develop resistance to these therapies, which is a challenge. Scientists have developed second-generation drugs called selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) that can overcome the limitations of the existing treatment.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Banded Palm Civet
The Banded Palm Civet (Hemigalus derbyanus) is a small carnivorous mammal native to Southeast Asia, known for its distinctive banded fur pattern. Belonging to the family Viverridae, this elusive nocturnal species is primarily arboreal, inhabiting tropical forests and plantations throughout its range. Despite its small size, the Banded Palm Civet plays an important ecological role as a predator of insects, small vertebrates, and fruits, contributing to ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity in its habitat.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pectin in Semi-Solid and Fluid Foods
Pectin is a versatile polysaccharide produced mainly from natural food sources and agro-industrial wastes, adding value to these by-products. For food applications, it is necessary that pectin first interacts with water for technical purposes. As a food additive, pectin acts as a solution thickener and gelling agent for food formulation, even in concentrations of less than 1 (g/100 mL or g/100 g), and it is sufficient to influence food products’ stability, rheology, texture, and sensory properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin K in Preventing Osteoarthritis
Cartilage calcification impairs the function of knee joints. Vitamin K can prevent cartilage calcification by regulating the carboxylation of matrix proteins, such as matrix gla protein. Prevention of calcium crystal formation also suppresses inflammation cytokines production by joint tissues. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ion Channels and Synaptic Machineries
       Abnormalities of ion channels and synaptic machineries can cause a variety of neurological diseases. Mutations in genes coding for ion channels cause paroxysmal neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and episodic ataxia. Autoantibodies can also target ion channels and related proteins as well as synaptic machinery proteins to cause limbic encephalitis and immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias. In this brief review, we outline the physiological and molecular features of ion channels and receptors, and summarize the clinical profiles of certain channelopathies and synaptopathies. Following this background, we address two pathophysiological issues; 1) How do ion channel or synapse abnormalities lead to clinical neurological features?, and 2) Why are ion channel and synapse abnormalities limited to a specific brain area? We provide some clues to these fundamental questions.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Flavonoids in Cardiovascular Diseases
Flavonoids are metabolites of plants and fungus. Flavonoid research has been paid special attention to in recent times after the observation of their beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. These favorable effects are exerted by flavonoids mainly due to their antioxidant properties, which result from the ability to decrease the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, thus improving the lipid profiles. The other positive effect exerted on the cardiovascular system is the ability of flavonoids to produce vasodilation and regulate the apoptotic processes in the endothelium. Researchers suggested that these effects, including their anti-inflammatory function, are consequences of flavonoids’ potent antioxidant properties, but recent studies have shown multiple signaling pathways linked to them, thus suggesting that there are more mechanisms involved in the beneficial effect of the flavonoids on the human body. This review aims to present the latest data on the classification of these substances, their main mechanisms of action in the human body, and the beneficial effects on the physiological and pathological status of the cardiovascular system. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Oct 2020
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