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Topic Review
EMT-Related lncRNAs in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide; late diagnosis and drug resistance are two major factors often responsible for high morbidity and treatment failure. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process that has been closely linked with cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been also associated with several cancer-related mechanisms, including EMT. 
  • 550
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nutrition, Gastrointestinal Peptides, and Endocannabinoids in Childhood Cancer
Childhood cancer is a rarely occurring disease. However, it is the second most frequent cause of death among children. It is estimated that each year cancer will be diagnosed in 400,000 children worldwide. The nutritional status at diagnosis is a prognostic indicator and influences the treatment tolerance. Both malnutrition and obesity increase the risk of mortality and complications during treatment. It is necessary to constantly search for new factors that impair the nutritional status. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a signaling system whose best-known function is regulating energy balance and food intake, but it also plays a role in pain control, embryogenesis, neurogenesis, learning, and the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Its action is multidirectional, and its role is being discovered in an increasing number of diseases. 
  • 549
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer Microenvironment
Colorectal cancer (CRC), encompassing cancers of the colon and rectum, is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related death. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules that exceed 200 nucleotides in length and are characterized by their lack of classical protein-coding capacity. In CRC, lncRNAs are known to notably modulate fundamental cellular mechanisms and reciprocal interactions, thereby shaping the immune landscape of the TME.
  • 549
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer Therapy
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that targets specific proteins on their lysine residues. Depending on the type of ubiquitination, this modification ultimately regulates the stability or degradation of the targeted proteins. Ubiquitination is mediated by three different classes of enzymes: the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzymes, the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and, most importantly, the E3 ubiquitin ligases. E3 ligases are responsible for the final step of the ubiquitin cascade, interacting directly with the target proteins. E3 ligases can also be involved in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and response to stress; alteration in their levels can be involved in oncogenic transformation and cancer progression. Of all the six hundred E3 ligases of the human genome, only three of them are specific to the mitochondrion: MARCH5, RNF185 and MUL1. 
  • 549
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota on Clinical Outcomes and Chemotherapy Resistance
The dual role of the gut microbiota in the preservation of host health and in the development of different pathologies, cancer among them. Our gut microbiota is capable of producing metabolites that protect host homeostasis but can also produce molecules with deleterious effects, which, in turn, may trigger inflammation and carcinogenesis, and even affect immunotherapy.
  • 548
  • 30 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death since most patients are diagnosed at advanced stage and the current systemic treatment options using molecular-targeted drugs remain unsatisfactory. However, the recent success of cancer immunotherapies has revolutionized the landscape of cancer therapy. Since HCC is characterized by metachronous multicentric occurrence, immunotherapies that induce systemic and durable responses could be an appealing treatment option. Despite the suppressive milieu of the liver and tumor immunosurveillance escape mechanisms, clinical studies of checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced HCC have yielded promising results.
  • 547
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Patients’ Sex in Lung Cancer Management
Lung cancer is the third most common cancer in women, after breast and colon cancer, but by far the most lethal. Women have clearly caught up to men in the past decades, both in smoking and the resulting increase in lung cancer diagnoses. Anti-smoking campaigns have caused the incidence of lung cancer and the resulting mortality to decrease in men in most developed countries. For women, on the contrary, the incidence of lung cancer is rising, as is mortality.
  • 547
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetics in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Evidence suggests that leukemogenesis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is widely influenced by epigenetic modifications. These changes include: DNA hypermethylation, histone modification and miRNA alteration. DNA hypermethylation in promoter regions, which leads to silencing of tumor suppressor genes, is a common epigenetic alteration in ALL. Histone modifications are mainly caused by an increased expression of histone deacetylases. A dysregulation of miRNA results in changes in the expression of their target genes. Several hundred genes were identified as suppressed by epigenetic mechanisms in ALL. What is promising is that epigenetic alterations in ALL may be used as potential biomarkers for classification of subtypes, predicting relapse and disease progression and assessing minimal residual disease. Furthermore, since epigenetic lesions are potentially reversible, an activation of epigenetically silenced genes with the use of hypomethylating agents or histone deacetylase inhibitors may be utilized as a therapeutic strategy for ALL.
  • 547
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Radioactive Iodine Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Patients with differentiated thyroid cancer usually present with early-stage disease and undergo surgery followed by adjuvant radioactive iodine ablation, resulting in excellent clinical outcomes and prognosis.
  • 547
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immunotherapy Targets in Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a common childhood tumor that mainly affects young children, especially toddlers, and, with a survival rate in high-risk patients of less than 50%. Treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma involves a combination of induction chemotherapy, most commonly doxorubicin, surgical tumor resection, stem cell transplantation, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy.
  • 546
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Deciphering Lung Adenocarcinoma Heterogeneity
Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related death. 
  • 546
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Different Concepts of Model of Tumour Microenvironment
With reference to cancer research, there can be ambiguity for what is meant by the word “model”. A review of different “models” of the tumour microenvironment is presented herein, as grouped by different definitions of the word into four categories: model organisms, in vitro models, mathematical models and computational models. 
  • 546
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) accounts for the highest incidence of tumor-related mortality among women worldwide, justifying the growing search for molecular tools for the early diagnosis and follow-up of BC patients under treatment. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanocompartments produced by all human cells, including tumor cells. 
  • 546
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Redox-Related Proteins in Melanoma Progression
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Despite the available therapies, the minimum residual disease is still refractory. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) play a dual role in melanoma, where redox imbalance is involved from initiation to metastasis and resistance. Redox proteins modulate the disease by controlling ROS/RNS levels in immune response, proliferation, invasion, and relapse. Chemotherapeutics such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors promote oxidative stress, but high ROS/RNS amounts with a robust antioxidant system allow cells to be adaptive and cooperate to non-toxic levels. These proteins could act as biomarkers and possible targets. By understanding the complex mechanisms involved in adaptation and searching for new targets to make cells more susceptible to treatment, the disease might be overcome. 
  • 545
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Role of Nuclear Receptors in Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer (EC), an aggressive and poorly understood disease, is one of the top causes of cancer-related fatalities. GLOBOCAN 2020 reports that there are 544,076 deaths and 604,100 new cases expected worldwide. Even though there are various advancements in treatment procedures, this cancer has been reported as one of the most difficult cancers to cure, and to increase patient survival; treatment targets still need to be established. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a type of transcription factor, which has a key role in several biological processes such as reproduction, development, cellular differentiation, stress response, immunity, metabolism, lipids, and drugs, and are essential regulators of several diseases, including cancer.
  • 545
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes are defined and characterized by an inappropriate immune response targeting native nervous system antigens that are ectopically expressed by a systemic tumor. The first reported case of a possible paraneoplastic neurologic disorder was documented in 1888 by Hermann Oppenheim, a young neurologist working at the Charité Hospital in Berlin.
  • 545
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Micro-RNA in Cholangiocarcinoma
Bile-duct cancers (BDC) are a group of solid tumors arising from the biliary tree. Despite their classification as rare cancers, the incidence of BDC is increasing worldwide. Poor prognosis is a common feature of this type of cancer and is mainly determined by the following factors: late diagnosis, lack of effective therapeutic approaches, and resistance to conventional treatments. In the past few years, next-generation sequencing technologies has allowed us to study the genome, exome, and transcriptome of BDC deeper, revealing a previously underestimated class of RNA: the noncoding RNA (ncRNA). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small ncRNAs that play an important regulatory role in gene expression. The aberrant expression of miRNAs and their pivotal role as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in biliary carcinogenesis has been widely described in BDC. Due to their ability to regulate multiple gene networks, miRNAs are involved in all cancer hallmarks, including sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing/accessing vasculature, activating invasion and metastasis, reprogramming cellular metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction. Their use as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers has been widely explored in several human cancers, including BDC. Furthermore, miRNA-based therapeutic strategies are currently the subject of numerous clinical trials that are providing evidence of their efficacy as potent anticancer agents.
  • 544
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Efficacy of ICIs in NSCLC
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment paradigm for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (IB-IIIA) with no targetable driver mutations. Although genetic and physiological factors could suggest a priori differences in response to ICIs regarding sex. It is well established that women have a more proficient immune system; thus, a higher immune editing level is needed to develop metastatic disease, which could explain their better responses in the early phases of disease. Furthermore, the encouraging results observed for metastatic disease have promoted the use of ICIs as neoadjuvant treatments.
  • 544
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Treatment for Lung Carcinoids
Lung carcinoids are divided into typical and atypical. Most tumors are slow-growing yet have malignant potential, which is more common in patients harboring atypical carcinoids. Most patients with lung carcinoids are diagnosed before the occurrence of distant metastases. Surgery is curative in most of these cases. In individuals with distant metastases, the treatment is more controversial. A watch-and-wait policy has been proposed in asymptomatic individuals with a low proliferative rate. Possible treatment options include somatostatin analogues, chemotherapy, mTOR inhibitors, and radionuclide therapy with 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate, depending on somatostatin receptor expression, proliferative rate, bone marrow and kidney function, and the patient’s general health.
  • 543
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Primary Intracranial Gliosarcoma
Gliosarcomas (GS) are sporadic malignant tumors classified as a Glioblastoma (GBM) variant with IDH-wild type phenotype. It appears as a well-circumscribed lesion with a biphasic, glial, and metaplastic mesenchymal component.
  • 543
  • 04 Jan 2024
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