Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes are defined and characterized by an inappropriate immune response targeting native nervous system antigens that are ectopically expressed by a systemic tumor. The first reported case of a possible paraneoplastic neurologic disorder was documented in 1888 by Hermann Oppenheim, a young neurologist working at the Charité Hospital in Berlin.
  • 542
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Radioactive Iodine Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Patients with differentiated thyroid cancer usually present with early-stage disease and undergo surgery followed by adjuvant radioactive iodine ablation, resulting in excellent clinical outcomes and prognosis.
  • 542
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immunotherapy Targets in Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a common childhood tumor that mainly affects young children, especially toddlers, and, with a survival rate in high-risk patients of less than 50%. Treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma involves a combination of induction chemotherapy, most commonly doxorubicin, surgical tumor resection, stem cell transplantation, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy.
  • 541
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Efficacy of ICIs in NSCLC
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment paradigm for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (IB-IIIA) with no targetable driver mutations. Although genetic and physiological factors could suggest a priori differences in response to ICIs regarding sex. It is well established that women have a more proficient immune system; thus, a higher immune editing level is needed to develop metastatic disease, which could explain their better responses in the early phases of disease. Furthermore, the encouraging results observed for metastatic disease have promoted the use of ICIs as neoadjuvant treatments.
  • 541
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Primary Intracranial Gliosarcoma
Gliosarcomas (GS) are sporadic malignant tumors classified as a Glioblastoma (GBM) variant with IDH-wild type phenotype. It appears as a well-circumscribed lesion with a biphasic, glial, and metaplastic mesenchymal component.
  • 540
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Metabolomic Signatures of Treatment Response in Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) stands as one of the most prevalent urological malignancies, with over 500 thousand newly diagnosed cases annually. Treatment decisions in BC depend on factors like the risk of recurrence, the type of tumor, and the stage of the disease. While standard therapeutic approaches encompass transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, radical cystectomy, and chemo- or immunotherapy, these methods exhibit limited efficacy in mitigating the aggressive and recurrent nature of bladder tumors. To overcome this challenge, it is crucial to develop innovative methods for monitoring and predicting treatment responses among patients with BC. Metabolomics is gaining recognition as a promising approach for discovering biomarkers. It has the potential to reveal metabolic disruptions that precisely reflect how BC patients respond to particular treatments, providing a revolutionary method to improve accuracy in monitoring and predicting outcomes.
  • 540
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Epigenetics in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Evidence suggests that leukemogenesis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is widely influenced by epigenetic modifications. These changes include: DNA hypermethylation, histone modification and miRNA alteration. DNA hypermethylation in promoter regions, which leads to silencing of tumor suppressor genes, is a common epigenetic alteration in ALL. Histone modifications are mainly caused by an increased expression of histone deacetylases. A dysregulation of miRNA results in changes in the expression of their target genes. Several hundred genes were identified as suppressed by epigenetic mechanisms in ALL. What is promising is that epigenetic alterations in ALL may be used as potential biomarkers for classification of subtypes, predicting relapse and disease progression and assessing minimal residual disease. Furthermore, since epigenetic lesions are potentially reversible, an activation of epigenetically silenced genes with the use of hypomethylating agents or histone deacetylase inhibitors may be utilized as a therapeutic strategy for ALL.
  • 538
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) accounts for the highest incidence of tumor-related mortality among women worldwide, justifying the growing search for molecular tools for the early diagnosis and follow-up of BC patients under treatment. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanocompartments produced by all human cells, including tumor cells. 
  • 538
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death since most patients are diagnosed at advanced stage and the current systemic treatment options using molecular-targeted drugs remain unsatisfactory. However, the recent success of cancer immunotherapies has revolutionized the landscape of cancer therapy. Since HCC is characterized by metachronous multicentric occurrence, immunotherapies that induce systemic and durable responses could be an appealing treatment option. Despite the suppressive milieu of the liver and tumor immunosurveillance escape mechanisms, clinical studies of checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced HCC have yielded promising results.
  • 537
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cancer of Unknown Primary
Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) encloses a group of heterogeneous tumours, the primary sites for which cannot be identified at the time of diagnosis, despite extensive investigations. CUP has always posed major challenges both in its diagnosis and management, leading to the hypothesis that it is rather a distinct entity with specific genetic and phenotypic aberrations, considering the regression or dormancy of the primary tumour; the development of early, uncommon systemic metastases; and the resistance to therapy. Patients with CUP account for 1–3% of all human malignancies and can be categorised into two prognostic subsets according to their clinicopathologic characteristics at presentation. The diagnosis of CUP mainly depends on the standard evaluation comprising a thorough medical history; complete physical examination; histopathologic morphology and algorithmic immunohistochemistry assessment; and CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
  • 537
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Patients’ Sex in Lung Cancer Management
Lung cancer is the third most common cancer in women, after breast and colon cancer, but by far the most lethal. Women have clearly caught up to men in the past decades, both in smoking and the resulting increase in lung cancer diagnoses. Anti-smoking campaigns have caused the incidence of lung cancer and the resulting mortality to decrease in men in most developed countries. For women, on the contrary, the incidence of lung cancer is rising, as is mortality.
  • 536
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Endocrine Disruptors, Phytoestrogens and Breast Cancer
An Endocrine Disruptor (ED) is defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as "an exogenous agent that interferes with synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism, binding action, or elimination of natural blood-borne hormones that are present in the body and are responsible for homeostasis, reproduction, and developmental process". Both estrogens and EDs, binding to estrogen receptors, elicit downstream gene activation and trigger intracellular signalling cascades in a variety of tissues, thus affecting reproductive health and hormonal dependent cancers risk. Endocrine disruptors are a group of highly heterogeneous molecules, grossly divided into synthetic and natural compounds (phytoestrogens).
  • 536
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Novel Cellular Functions of ATR for Therapeutic Targeting
The DNA damage response (DDR) is recognized as having an important role in cancer growth and treatment. ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related) kinase, a major regulator of DDR, has shown significant therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. ATR inhibitors have shown anti-tumor effectiveness, not just as monotherapies but also in enhancing the effects of standard chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. 
  • 536
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Central Nervous System Tumors on Combination MR-Linear Accelerators
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent visualization of central nervous system (CNS) tumors due to its superior soft tissue contrast. Magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) has historically been limited to use in the initial treatment planning stage due to cost and feasibility. MRI-guided linear accelerators (MRLs) allow clinicians to visualize tumors and organs at risk (OARs) directly before and during treatment, a process known as online MRgRT. This novel system permits adaptive treatment planning based on anatomical changes to ensure accurate dose delivery to the tumor while minimizing unnecessary toxicity to healthy tissue. These advancements are critical to treatment adaptation in the brain and spinal cord, where both preliminary MRI and daily computerized tomography (CT) guidance have typically had limited benefit. 
  • 536
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent and malignant cancer types in men, which causes more than three-hundred thousand cancer death each year. At late stage of PCa progression, bone marrow is the most often metastatic site that constitutes almost 70% of metastatic cases of the PCa population.
  • 535
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Treatment for Lung Carcinoids
Lung carcinoids are divided into typical and atypical. Most tumors are slow-growing yet have malignant potential, which is more common in patients harboring atypical carcinoids. Most patients with lung carcinoids are diagnosed before the occurrence of distant metastases. Surgery is curative in most of these cases. In individuals with distant metastases, the treatment is more controversial. A watch-and-wait policy has been proposed in asymptomatic individuals with a low proliferative rate. Possible treatment options include somatostatin analogues, chemotherapy, mTOR inhibitors, and radionuclide therapy with 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate, depending on somatostatin receptor expression, proliferative rate, bone marrow and kidney function, and the patient’s general health.
  • 535
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Conversion
Mesenchymal conversion occurring in malignant epithelial neoplasms is undesirable in tumors since it promotes more aggressive tumor behavior. This phenomenon is not exclusive to head and neck carcinomas, and it is likely to be found in most neoplasms, as carcinomas are frequently aggressive. Mesenchymal conversion depends on different molecular interactions, signaling pathways, and tumor microenvironments that are related to the activation of several growth factors and diverse matrix metalloproteinases that promote ideal environments for the progression of tumor cells that are primarily associated with metastasis.
  • 534
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Redox-Related Proteins in Melanoma Progression
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Despite the available therapies, the minimum residual disease is still refractory. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) play a dual role in melanoma, where redox imbalance is involved from initiation to metastasis and resistance. Redox proteins modulate the disease by controlling ROS/RNS levels in immune response, proliferation, invasion, and relapse. Chemotherapeutics such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors promote oxidative stress, but high ROS/RNS amounts with a robust antioxidant system allow cells to be adaptive and cooperate to non-toxic levels. These proteins could act as biomarkers and possible targets. By understanding the complex mechanisms involved in adaptation and searching for new targets to make cells more susceptible to treatment, the disease might be overcome. 
  • 534
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Deciphering Lung Adenocarcinoma Heterogeneity
Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related death. 
  • 534
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment Impact on Follicular Lymphomas
Follicular lymphomas (FL) are neoplasms that resemble normal germinal center (GC) B-cells. Normal GC and neoplastic follicles contain non-neoplastic cells such as T-cells, follicular dendritic cells, cancer associated fibroblasts, and macrophages, which define the tumor microenvironment (TME), which itself is an essential factor in tumor cell survival. The main characteristics of the TME in FL are an increased number of follicular regulatory T-cells (Treg) and follicular helper T-cells (Tfh), M2-polarization of macrophages, and the development of a nodular network by stromal cells that creates a suitable niche for tumor growth. All of them play important roles in tumor angiogenesis, inhibition of apoptosis, and immune evasion, which are key factors in tumor progression and transformation risk. 
  • 533
  • 18 May 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 129
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback