Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Dapagliflozin as a Drug in Heart Failure
Dapagliflozin is a selective SGLT-2 inhibitor that reduces renal glucose absorption by inhibiting the SGLT-2 receptors present in the S1 region of the proximal kidney tubules.
  • 656
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Role of Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure
The association of chronic heart failure (CHF) and iron deficiency (ID) with or without anemia is frequently encountered in current medical practice and has a negative prognostic impact, worsening patients’ exercise capacity and increasing hospitalization costs. Moreover, anemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CHF, an association known as cardio-renal anemia syndrome (CRAS) possessing a significantly increased risk of death.
  • 656
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction
“Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection” (PASC), otherwise referred to as “long COVID” or “long-haul COVID”, refers to persistent and prolonged effects after acute COVID-19 and describes the persistence of symptoms or development of sequelae beyond 3 weeks from the onset of acute symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Symptoms commonly experienced by PASC patients include fatigue, palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, and “brain fog”. Additionally, symptoms of orthostatic intolerance and syncope suggest the involvement of the autonomic nervous system.
  • 656
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Human Obstructive and Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited disorder characterized by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy with or without left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. Single-nuclei RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of both obstructive and nonobstructive HCM patient samples has revealed alterations in communication between various cell types, but no direct and integrated comparison between the two HCM phenotypes has been reported. 
  • 654
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Links between Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertension
Hypertension is defined as repeated elevated office systolic blood pressure (SBP) values over 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) over 90 mmHg or average home BP over 135/85 mmHg. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has serious outcomes regarding the individual’s health, with increasing prevalence nowadays and a significant impact on healthcare systems. Its definition varied over time. MetS consists of several conditions, such as hypertension, elevated fasting glucose (over 100 mg/dL) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (less than 40 mg/dL in men or 50 mg/dL in women), high triglycerides concentrations (over 150 mg/dL) and waist circumference over 40 inches (men) or 35 inches (women).
  • 654
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries
Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a heterogeneous group of conditions that include both atherosclerotic (coronary plaque disruption) and non-atherosclerotic (spontaneous coronary artery dissection, coronary artery spasm, coronary artery embolism, coronary microvascular dysfunction, and supply–demand mismatch) causes resulting in myocardial damage that is not due to obstructive coronary artery disease. Failure to identify the underlying cause may result in inadequate and inappropriate therapy in these patients.
  • 653
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an integral part of clinical decision support systems (CDSS), offering methods to approximate human reasoning and computationally infer decisions. AI is currently being investigated in several cardiology domains, from clinical decision support systems (CDSS) to imaging interpretation.
  • 652
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Exosomes and Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Accumulating evidences have highlighted the importance of exosomes and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in cardiac physiology and pathology.
  • 651
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Atrial Fibrillation in the Structural Heart Disease Population
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. Patients with structural heart disease (SHD) are at an increased risk of developing this arrhythmia and are particularly susceptible to the deleterious hemodynamic effects it carries. Catheter ablation (CA) has emerged as a valuable strategy for rhythm control and is currently part of the standard care for symptomatic relief in patients with AF. 
  • 649
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Biomarkers
This review summarizes some of the promising early stage protein and miRNA biomarker candidates as well as the currently used biomarkers for hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.
  • 647
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cyclic Nucleotides Regulate Vascular Tone
Several mediators and drugs regulate blood flow and blood pressure. The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are the key messengers mediating vasodilation under physiological conditions and are therefore involved in the physiological regulation of vascular tone. Their function is due to the existence of several mechanisms that include the reduction of [Ca2+]i and a decrease in the sensitivity of the contractile machinery; both mechanisms may occur together and decrease MLC phosphorylation. On the other hand, these mechanisms are regulated by several cellular effectors, including ion channels that regulate the membrane potential and Ca2+ influx. All these mechanisms promote vessel relaxation by reducing vascular contractility and tone. 
  • 647
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Electrocardiographic Changes in Myocardial Ischemia in COVID-19 Patients
Given the possible pathophysiological links between myocardial ischemia and SARS-CoV-2 infection, several studies have focused attention on acute coronary syndromes in order to improve patients’ morbidity and mortality. Understanding the pathophysiological aspects of myocardial ischemia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 can open a broad perspective on the proper management for each patient. The electrocardiogram (ECG) remains the easiest assessment of cardiac involvement in COVID-19 patients, due to its non-invasive profile, accessibility, low cost, and lack of radiation. The ECG changes provide insight into the patient’s prognosis, indicating either the worsening of an underlying cardiac illnesses or the acute direct injury by the virus. This indicates that the ECG is an important prognostic tool that can affect the outcome of COVID-19 patients, which important to correlate its aspects with the clinical characteristics and patient’s medical history. The ECG changes in myocardial ischemia include a broad spectrum in patients with COVID-19 with different cases reported of ST-segment elevation, ST-segment depression, and T wave inversion, which are associated with severe COVID-19 disease.
  • 646
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
β-Blockers in Heart Failure
Cardiac β-receptor dysfunction in HFrEF is characterized by a reduced β1-receptor density and by the uncoupling of β1- and β2-receptors from the membrane G proteins, resulting in their functional desensitization. This mechanism is mediated by increased G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 activity, resulting in reduced cardiac β-receptor density and reactivity, with consequent reduced cardiac inotropic reserve. In addition, catecholamines themselves are cardiotoxic, contributing to myocardial damage.
  • 645
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Complex Relation between Atrial Cardiomyopathy and Thrombogenesis
Heart disease, as well as systemic metabolic alterations, can leave a ‘fingerprint’ of structural and functional changes in the atrial myocardium, leading to the onset of atrial cardiomyopathy. As demonstrated in various animal models, some of these changes, such as fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fatty infiltration, can increase vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (AF), the most relevant manifestation of atrial cardiomyopathy in clinical practice. Atrial cardiomyopathy accompanying AF is associated with thromboembolic events, such as stroke. The interaction between AF and stroke appears to be far more complicated than initially believed. AF and stroke share many risk factors whose underlying pathological processes can reinforce the development and progression of both cardiovascular conditions. 
  • 645
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bmp Signaling Regulates Hand1
The bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling pathway and the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor Hand1 are known key regulators of cardiac development. In this study, we investigated the Bmp signaling regulation of Hand1 during cardiac outflow tract (OFT) development. In Bmp2 and Bmp4loss-of-function embryos with varying levels of Bmp in the heart, Hand1 is sensitively decreased in response to the dose of Bmp expression. In contrast, Hand1 in the heart is dramatically increased in Bmp4 gain-of-function embryos. We further identified and characterized the Bmp/Smad regulatory elements in Hand1. Combined transfection assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments indicated that Hand1 is directly activated and bound by Smads. In addition, we found that upon the treatment of Bmp2 and Bmp4, P19 cells induced Hand1 expression and favored cardiac differentiation. Together, our data indicated that the Bmp signaling pathway directly regulates Hand1 expression in a dose-dependent manner during heart development.
  • 644
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cardiac Computed Tomography Radiomics
Radiomics, via the extraction of quantitative information from conventional radiologic images, can identify imperceptible imaging biomarkers that can advance the characterization of coronary plaques and the surrounding adipose tissue. Such an approach can unravel the underlying pathophysiology of atherosclerosis which has the potential to aid diagnostic, prognostic and, therapeutic decision making. Several studies have demonstrated that radiomic analysis can characterize coronary atherosclerotic plaques with a level of accuracy comparable, if not superior, to current conventional qualitative and quantitative image analysis. While there are many milestones still to be reached before radiomics can be integrated into current clinical practice, such techniques hold great promise for improving the imaging phenotyping of coronary artery disease.
  • 643
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Environment, Gut Microbiota, and CAD
Gut microbiota has been shown to affect the cardiovascular system through different mechanisms, representing a potentially modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. This opens new perspectives on therapeutic and preventive strategies for coronary artery disease (CAD). Gut microbiota strongly varies depending on several environmental and lifestyle factors, such as pollution and diet, and maintains a symbiotic relationship with the gut mucosa, with substantial metabolic, immunological, and gut protective functions in the healthy individual.
  • 643
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation, commonly known as AFib or AF, is the most commonly treated type of arrhythmia. Arrhythmias are heartbeats that are slow, fast, or irregular.
  • 642
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, although traditionally, it has been considered as a male dominated disease. Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance, diabetes type 2 and CVD. 
  • 641
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Premature Ventricular Complexes
Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are frequently encountered in clinical practice. The association of PVCs with adverse cardiovascular outcomes is well established in the context of structural heart disease, yet not so much in the absence of structural heart disease.
  • 641
  • 08 Oct 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 45
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback