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Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Anthracycline is identified as one of the cancer treatments most likely to induce a significant decrease in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiomyopathy, and cardiac ischemia, ultimately leading to heart failure.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Angiogenic Balance
Angiogenesis is the process of developing new blood vessels from pre-existing ones.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
No-Reflow Phenomenon
Primary percutaneous angioplasty (pPCI), represents the reperfusion strategy of choice for patients with STEMI according to current international guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology. Coronary no-reflow is characterized by angiographic evidence of slow or no anterograde epicardial flow, resulting in inadequate myocardial perfusion in the absence of evidence of mechanical vessel obstruction. No reflow (NR) is related to a functional and structural alteration of the coronary microcirculation.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Patients after COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It can lead to myocardial damage. Heart failure (HF) is a significant global health concern and is characterized as a clinical syndrome with symptoms caused by structural and/or functional abnormalities of the heart, confirmed by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion. The relationship between COVID-19 and heart failure is complex. SARS-CoV-2 can cause cardiac damage through the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Understanding the interactions between the disease and viruses is crucial for optimal patient care. However, the validity of screening for cardiovascular complications after COVID-19 remains unconfirmed, and individualized diagnosis procedures are necessary based on the patient's clinical symptoms.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Antithrombotic Therapy Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is expanding towards a low-risk patient category as a result of technical advances and operators’ improved skills. However, the post-TAVR antithrombotic regimen remains challenging. Single antiplatelet therapy appears to be the best compromise when there is no compelling indication for chronic oral anticoagulation. Whether it should be aspirin or clopidogrel is not established. There is no supportive evidence to use oral anticoagulation when there is no established indication for oral anticoagulation other than the TAVR procedure. The gap in evidence as to whether DOACs should be preferred over VKA remains when there is an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC) use. It seems that DOACs are not the same and randomized trials are awaited. Likewise, whether oral anticoagulant therapy should be continued or interrupted during the procedure remains unclear.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Role of NADPH Oxidases in Pathologies
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NADPH oxidases, NOX), were discovered in immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, in the 1970s. Upon phagocytosis of pathogens, the enzymatic complex is activated and triggers O2− production in an “oxidative burst” that acts to kill pathogens. Over time, enzymes with a similar function located in various tissues have been identified and subsequently grouped into the NOX family of enzymes. The mitochondrial electron transport chain was soon demonstrated as another source of O2− due to a “leaky” electron transport system, its O2− scavenged by superoxide dismutase (SOD) into H2O2.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Stereotactic Arrhythmia Radioablation
Ventricular tachycardia is a type of arrhythmia (heart rhythm disorder) characterized by fast heart rate (exceeding 100 beats per minute), originating from abnormal electrical impulse localized in heart ventricles. The electrophysiology-guided noninvasive cardiac radioablation, also known as STAR (stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation), is an emerging treatment method of non-invasive treatment for ventricular tachycardia persistent after conventional methods of ablation.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Role of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is defined as a fat depot localized between the myocardial surface and the visceral layer of the pericardium and is a type of visceral fat. EAT is one of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events and a promising new therapeutic target in CVDs. In health conditions, EAT has a protective function, including protection against hypothermia or mechanical stress, providing myocardial energy supply from free fatty acid and release of adiponectin. In patients with obesity, metabolic syndrome, or diabetes mellitus, EAT becomes a deleterious tissue promoting the development of CVDs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Physiologic Effects of Natriuretic Peptides
Natriuretic peptides are a complex and interesting network of molecules playing pleiotropic effects on many organs and tissues, ensuring the maintenance of homeostasis mainly in the cardiovascular system and regulating the water–salt balance. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) and their receptors play several physiological roles in maintaining and ensuring homeostasis in the human body by performing pleiotropic actions on multiple organs and target sites. Various other mechanisms have been characterized in other organs, which were made possible by the specific and individual interactions between each natriuretic peptide and the corresponding receptor in a particular site of action.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Primary Cilia in Acquired Heart Disease
Primary cilia are non-motile plasma membrane extrusions that display a variety of receptors and mechanosensors. Loss of function results in ciliopathies, which have been strongly linked with congenital heart disease, as well as abnormal development and function of most organ systems. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
KCNJ5 Mutation in Aldosterone Producing Adenoma
The discovery of the KCNJ5 somatic mutation in aldosteroene producing adenoma (APA) in 2011 and the development of specific CYP11B2 antibodies in 2012 have greatly advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of primary aldosteronism. PA leads to abnormalities in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and is known to increase the incidence of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and stroke by 3.52, 2.05, and 2.58 times compared to hypertension due to essential hypertension.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanodiagnosis and Nanotreatment of CVDs
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the world’s leading cause of mortality and represent a large contributor to the costs of medical care. Although tremendous progress has been made for the diagnosis of CVDs, there is an important need for more effective early diagnosis and the design of novel diagnostic methods. The diagnosis of CVDs generally relies on signs and symptoms depending on molecular imaging (MI) or on CVD-associated biomarkers. For early-stage CVDs, however, the reliability, specificity, and accuracy of the analysis is still problematic. Because of their unique chemical and physical properties, nanomaterial systems have been recognized as potential candidates to enhance the functional use of diagnostic instruments. Nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, lipids, and polymeric nanoparticles represent novel sources to target CVDs. The special properties of nanomaterials including surface energy and topographies actively enhance the cellular response within CVDs. The availability of newly advanced techniques in nanomaterial science opens new avenues for the targeting of CVDs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles and COVID-19-Related Thrombosis
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a term used to describe a heterogeneous group of vesicles located in different types of tissues or biological fluids such as blood, urine, saliva, breast milk and the amniotic, cerebrospinal, synovial, seminal fluid and bronchial lavage. The role of EVs in infectious diseases has been particularly controversial over the last years. It has been shown that they can influence the recipient cell activities by transporting viral proteins, RNA, DNA and receptors from infected cells to healthy cells and thus increasing the spread of virus infection. Thus, EVs may serve as potential predictors of COVID-19 severity.  Importantly, due to their stability in the circulation, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility and biodegradation, the EVs are considered suitable for designing new therapeutic strategies or delivery systems for a vaccine against the SARS CoV-2 infection 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Bilberry Supplementation on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is one of the richest natural sources of anthocyanins which give berries their red/purple/blue coloration. Anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants and are reported to play an important role in the prevention of metabolic disease and CVD as well as cancer and other conditions. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Cancer Patients
Cancer patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and, notably, a significant prevalence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It has been shown that an elevated presence of cardiovascular risk factors in this setting leads to an interaction between these two conditions, influencing their therapeutic strategies and contributing to higher mortality. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Hepatopathy
Cardiac hepatopathy refers to acute or chronic liver damage caused by cardiac dysfunction in the absence of any other possible causative reasons of liver injury. There is a large number of evidence of the fact that cardiac hepatopathy is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with acute or actually decompensated heart failure (HF). 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Blood Culture-Negative Infective Endocarditis by Mycoplasma hominis
Mycoplasma hominis is a habitual colonizing microorganism of the lower genital tract but can exceptionally be the causal agent of blood culture-negative infective endocarditis (IE). 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Outflow Tract Valves of the Vertebrate Heart
The anatomical elements that in humans guard the unidirectional blood flow from the cardiac ventricles to the aortic and pulmonary arteries are the arterial (semilunar) valves. The valve that prevents blood backflow from the aorta to the left ventricle is the aortic valve, while that which performs this function between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle is the pulmonary or pulmonic valve. The main medical interest in arterial valves is that their congenital malformations and diseases over a lifetime are clinically relevant. Although both valves are subject to similar complications, those affecting the aortic valve cause the most severe effects.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Patients with Bicuspid Aortopathy and Aortic Dilatation
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most frequent congenital cardiac disease. Alteration of ascending aorta diameter is a consequence of shear stress alterations due to haemodynamic abnormalities developed from inadequate valve cusp coaptation.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Oct 2022
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