You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Outflow Tract Valves of the Vertebrate Heart
The anatomical elements that in humans guard the unidirectional blood flow from the cardiac ventricles to the aortic and pulmonary arteries are the arterial (semilunar) valves. The valve that prevents blood backflow from the aorta to the left ventricle is the aortic valve, while that which performs this function between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle is the pulmonary or pulmonic valve. The main medical interest in arterial valves is that their congenital malformations and diseases over a lifetime are clinically relevant. Although both valves are subject to similar complications, those affecting the aortic valve cause the most severe effects.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bilberry Supplementation on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is one of the richest natural sources of anthocyanins which give berries their red/purple/blue coloration. Anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants and are reported to play an important role in the prevention of metabolic disease and CVD as well as cancer and other conditions. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
ICIs-Related Cardiotoxicity in Different Types of Cancer
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), antibodies that target the checkpoints in immune cells, work to activate inhibited T-cells and other cells of the innate and adaptive arms, resulting in the robust activation of the immune system and productive antitumor immune responses. However, ICIs-related cardiotoxicity has been recognized as a rare but fatal consequence. Although there has been extensive research based on different types of ICIs, these studies have not indicated whether cardiotoxicity is specific to a type of cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nanodiagnosis and Nanotreatment of CVDs
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the world’s leading cause of mortality and represent a large contributor to the costs of medical care. Although tremendous progress has been made for the diagnosis of CVDs, there is an important need for more effective early diagnosis and the design of novel diagnostic methods. The diagnosis of CVDs generally relies on signs and symptoms depending on molecular imaging (MI) or on CVD-associated biomarkers. For early-stage CVDs, however, the reliability, specificity, and accuracy of the analysis is still problematic. Because of their unique chemical and physical properties, nanomaterial systems have been recognized as potential candidates to enhance the functional use of diagnostic instruments. Nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, lipids, and polymeric nanoparticles represent novel sources to target CVDs. The special properties of nanomaterials including surface energy and topographies actively enhance the cellular response within CVDs. The availability of newly advanced techniques in nanomaterial science opens new avenues for the targeting of CVDs. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Blood Culture-Negative Infective Endocarditis by Mycoplasma hominis
Mycoplasma hominis is a habitual colonizing microorganism of the lower genital tract but can exceptionally be the causal agent of blood culture-negative infective endocarditis (IE). 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Hypertension and Arrhythmias
Because of demographic aging, the prevalence of arterial hypertension (HTN) and cardiac arrhythmias, namely atrial fibrillation (AF), is progressively increasing. Not only are these clinical entities strongly connected, but, acting with a synergistic effect, their association may cause a worse clinical outcome in patients already at risk of ischemic and/or haemorrhagic stroke and, consequently, disability and death.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Intima Remodeling in Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling
Pulmonary vascular remodeling is the critical structural alteration and pathological feature in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and involves changes in the intima, media and adventitia. Pulmonary vascular remodeling consists of the proliferation and phenotypic transformation of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) of the middle membranous pulmonary artery, as well as complex interactions involving external layer pulmonary artery fibroblasts (PAFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM). Inflammatory mechanisms,apoptosis and other factors in the vascular wall are influenced by different mechanisms that likely act in concert to drive disease progression. These pathological changes and some pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the remodeling process are described.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a significant cause of illness and death amongst women. The pathophysiology, manifestations, and outcomes of Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CAD differ between sexes. These sex differences remain under-recognized.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Patients with Bicuspid Aortopathy and Aortic Dilatation
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most frequent congenital cardiac disease. Alteration of ascending aorta diameter is a consequence of shear stress alterations due to haemodynamic abnormalities developed from inadequate valve cusp coaptation.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
MRI for Evaluating DKD Noninvasively
Renal magnetic resonance techniques provide noninvasive information on renal volume, function, metabolism, perfusion, oxygenation, and microstructural alterations, without the need for exogenous contrast media.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Effect of Resveratrol on the Cardiovascular System
RES (3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene), a natural phytoalexin found in a wide variety of plants (e.g., nuts, berries, and grapes) is produced in response to environmental stress. RES exists as two geometric isomers: cis-(Z) and trans-(E). Trans- and cis-resveratrol can be either free or bound to glucose. 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
No-Reflow Phenomenon
Primary percutaneous angioplasty (pPCI), represents the reperfusion strategy of choice for patients with STEMI according to current international guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology. Coronary no-reflow is characterized by angiographic evidence of slow or no anterograde epicardial flow, resulting in inadequate myocardial perfusion in the absence of evidence of mechanical vessel obstruction. No reflow (NR) is related to a functional and structural alteration of the coronary microcirculation.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Restenosis
Restenosis is defined as the reduction in lumen size of an artery after intra-arterial intervention.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Primary Cilia in Acquired Heart Disease
Primary cilia are non-motile plasma membrane extrusions that display a variety of receptors and mechanosensors. Loss of function results in ciliopathies, which have been strongly linked with congenital heart disease, as well as abnormal development and function of most organ systems. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Antithrombotic Therapy Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is expanding towards a low-risk patient category as a result of technical advances and operators’ improved skills. However, the post-TAVR antithrombotic regimen remains challenging. Single antiplatelet therapy appears to be the best compromise when there is no compelling indication for chronic oral anticoagulation. Whether it should be aspirin or clopidogrel is not established. There is no supportive evidence to use oral anticoagulation when there is no established indication for oral anticoagulation other than the TAVR procedure. The gap in evidence as to whether DOACs should be preferred over VKA remains when there is an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC) use. It seems that DOACs are not the same and randomized trials are awaited. Likewise, whether oral anticoagulant therapy should be continued or interrupted during the procedure remains unclear.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Aspirin Therapy, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia
Dementia is associated with a greater burden of cardiovascular risk factors. There is a significant vascular contribution to dementia, and aspirin may play a role in targeting this vascular dysregulation via its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. Aspirin has effects on the primary prevention of cognitive impairment and various subtypes of dementia, as well as its role in cognitive decline in certain subsets of patients, including those with cerebral small vessel disease (CVSD), coronary heart disease (CHD), and gender differences. Overall, the benefits of aspirin in preventing dementia and cognitive decline remain inconclusive. The majority of cohort studies investigating aspirin’s role in preventing cognitive decline or dementia looked promising, but this was not supported in most randomised controlled trials.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bedside Ultrasound for Hemodynamic Monitoring in CICU
Thanks to the advances in medical therapy and assist devices, the management of patients hospitalized in cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) is becoming increasingly challenging. In fact, Patients in the cardiac intensive care unit are frequently characterized by dynamic and variable diseases, which may evolve into several clinical phenotypes based on underlying etiology and its complexity. Therefore, the use of noninvasive tools in order to provide a personalized approach to these patients, according to their phenotype, may help to optimize the therapeutic strategies towards the underlying etiology. Echocardiography is the most reliable and feasible bedside method to assess cardiac function repeatedly, assisting clinicians not only in characterizing hemodynamic disorders, but also in helping to guide interventions and monitor response to therapies. Beyond basic echocardiographic parameters, its application has been expanded with the introduction of new tools such as lung ultrasound (LUS), the Venous Excess UltraSound (VexUS) grading system, and the assessment of pulmonary hypertension, which is fundamental to guide oxygen therapy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation Cardioversion
Atrial fibrillation (AF) patient care encompasses different possible management strategies which are classified as rhythm-control therapies, aimed at restoring and maintaining the sinus rhythm, and rate-control therapies, aimed at ensuring an appropriate control of heart rate during AF.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents one of the most common causes of non-ischemic heart failure, characterised by ventricular dilation alongside systolic dysfunction. Despite advances in therapy, DCM mortality rates remain high, and it is one of the leading causes of heart transplantation. Developments in complementary diagnostic procedures, namely cardiac magnetic resonance and genetic testing, have shed new light on DCM understanding and management. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
AT1 Receptor in Cerebrovascular Diseases
Ang II is known as the main effector of the RAS. Ang II binds with a similar affinity to two receptors: the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1) and type 2 receptor (AT2), both belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and sharing 50% homology and 34% identity in their amino acid sequence. Ang II activation of AT1 is acknowledged as triggering most of the known effects of RAS stimulation, such as vasoconstriction, water and sodium retention and aldosterone release by the adrenal glands. This leads to increases in blood pressure, cardiovascular remodeling and fibrosis. Due to its wide physiological effects, AT1 plays a critical role in many pathological conditions and cardiovascular diseases, like cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension and heart failure.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 45
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback