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Topic Review
Hyaluronic Acid on Tendon Physiology
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan formed by repetitive units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine. HA is widely present in the extracellular matrix in vertebrates and invertebrates to confer mechanical support, viscoelastic and hygroscopic properties, and anti-inflammatory effects to cells and tissue. HA is one of the fundamental components of cartilage and tendon tissue, contributing to their viscoelastic properties.
  • 834
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Relationship between Subjective Cognitive Complaints and Executive Functions
Subjective cognitive complaints correspond to a heterogeneous construct that frequently occurs in the early stages of older adult life. Despite being a common source of worry for middle-aged people, it can be underestimated when clinical and neuropsychological assessments discard any underlying pathological processes. Negative age stereotyping but also self-stereotyping can contribute to doing so. Although its diagnosis is a challenge, its implication as a possible predictor of mild cognitive impairment or dementia increases the interest in its early diagnosis and intervention.
  • 834
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Promising Immunotherapeutic Modalities for B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Over Over the last few years, treatment principles have been changed towards more targeted therapy in many B-cell lymphoma subtypes and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Immunotherapeutic modalities, namely monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy commonly use B-cell-associated antigens (CD19, CD20, CD22, and CD79b) as one of their targets. T-cell engagers (TCEs), a subclass of bsAbs, work on a similar mechanism as CAR-T cell therapy without the need of previous T-cell manipulation. Currently, several anti-CD20xCD3 TCEs have demonstrated promising efficacy across different lymphoma subtypes with slightly better outcomes in the indolent subset. Anti-CD19xCD3 TCEs are being developed as well but only blinatumomab has been evaluated in clinical trials yet. Results are not so impressive as those with anti-CD19 CAR-T cell therapy. Antibody-drug conjugates targeting different B-cell antigens (CD30, CD79b, CD19) seem to be effective in combination with mAbs, standard chemoimmunotherapy, or immune checkpoint inhibitors. Further investigation will show whether immunotherapy alone or in combinatory regimens has potential to replace chemotherapeutic agents from the first line treatment.
  • 832
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Immunomodulatory Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in humans are represented by three main families: defensins, cathelicidins, histatins. Defensins, depending on the type of disulfide bond arrangement, are divided into alpha- and beta-defensins. Alpha- and beta-defensins are constitutively produced by neutrophils, lymphocytes, and epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes.
  • 832
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Management of Asthma in Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a systemic disorder characterized by peripheral eosinophilia, severe eosinophilic asthma, sinusitis, transient pulmonary infiltrates, and features of medium/small-vessel vasculitis. EGPA belongs to the group of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides, although only 30 to 40% of patients display ANCA positivity, which is mainly of myeloperoxidase (MPO) specificity. Particularly, ANCA-positive patients typically show vasculitic features. Interleukin (IL)-5 has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in determining eosinophilic airway inflammation in EGPA patients. Specifically, maturation, activation, and survival of eosinophils especially depend on IL-5 availability. Therefore, blocking IL-5 biological activity may be a rewarding strategy for control of eosinophilic inflammation. Several monoclonal antibodies with the ability to interfere with the biological activity of IL-5 have been developed, namely, mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab.
  • 831
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Atopic Dermatitis and Water
Water is a vital nutrient with innumerable functions for every living cell. The functions of human skin include protection against dehydration of the body. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease that presents with dry skin, erythematous and eczematous lesions, and lichenification. 
  • 830
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet Adherence before/after BS
To the best of current knowledge, very few studies have been performed with regards to the effects of a Mediterranean diet on bariatric surgery outcomes.
  • 828
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Respiratory Viral Infection and Epithelial Immunity in Asthma
Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with asthma development and exacerbation in children and adults. In the course of immune responses to viruses, airway epithelial cells are the initial platform of innate immunity against viral invasion. Patients with severe asthma are more vulnerable than those with mild to moderate asthma to viral infections.
  • 828
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Parasite Druggable Targets of Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent disease affecting a wide range of hosts including approximately one-third of the human population. It is caused by the sporozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), which instigates a range of symptoms, manifesting as acute and chronic forms and varying from ocular to deleterious congenital or neuro-toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis may cause serious health problems in fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised patients. Recently, associations between toxoplasmosis and various neuropathies and different types of cancer were documented. In the veterinary sector, toxoplasmosis results in recurring abortions, leading to significant economic losses. Treatment of toxoplasmosis remains intricate and encompasses general antiparasitic and antibacterial drugs. The efficacy of these drugs is hindered by intolerance, side effects, and emergence of parasite resistance. Furthermore, all currently used drugs in the clinic target acute toxoplasmosis, with no or little effect on the chronic form.
  • 825
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Manifestations of Human Exposure to Fungi
Biological particles, along with inorganic gaseous and particulate pollutants, constitute an ever-present component of the atmosphere and surfaces. Among these particles are fungal species colonizing almost all ecosystems, including the human body. Although inoffensive to most people, fungi can be responsible for several health problems, such as allergic fungal diseases and fungal infections. Worldwide fungal disease incidence is increasing, with new emerging fungal diseases appearing yearly. Reasons for this increase are the expansion of life expectancy, the number of immunocompromised patients (immunosuppressive treatments for transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency diseases), the number of uncontrolled underlying conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus), and the misusage of medication (e.g., corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics). 
  • 822
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Diastolic Cardiac Function by MRI
Most cardiac studies focus on evaluating left ventricular (LV) systolic function. However, the assessment of diastolic cardiac function is becoming more appreciated, especially with the increasing prevalence of pathologies associated with diastolic dysfunction like heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Diastolic dysfunction is an indication of abnormal mechanical properties of the myocardium, characterized by slow or delayed myocardial relaxation, abnormal LV distensibility, and/or impaired LV filling.
  • 821
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Immune Response in Primary- and Immunotherapy-Induced Hypophysitis
Hypophysitis is a rare and potentially life-threatening disease, characterized by an elevated risk of complications, such as the occurrence of acute central hypoadrenalism, persistent hypopituitarism, or the extension of the inflammatory process to the neighboring neurological structures. In recent years, a large number of cases has been described. The diagnosis of hypophysitis is complex because it is based on clinical and radiological criteria. Due to this, the integration of molecular and genetic biomarkers can help physicians in the diagnosis of hypophysitis and play a role in predicting disease outcome.
  • 818
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Japanese Cedar Pollinosis
The incidence of Japanese cedar pollinosis is increasing significantly in Japan, and a recent survey suggested that about 40% of the population will develop this disease. However, spontaneous remission is rare. The increased incident rate of Japanese cedar pollinosis is a huge issue in Japan. Allergen immunotherapy is the only fundamental treatment that modifies the natural course of allergic rhinitis and provides long-term remission that cannot be induced by general drug therapy. Sublingual immunotherapy for Japanese cedar pollinosis has been developed and has been covered by health insurance since 2014 in Japan. The indication for children was expanded in 2018. Clinical trials of sublingual immunotherapy for Japanese cedar pollinosis have demonstrated its long-term efficacy and safety. It is recommended for patients who wish to undergo fundamental treatment regardless of the severity of the practical guidelines for the management of allergic rhinitis in Japan. For sublingual immunotherapy, a long-term treatment period of 3 years or longer is recommended to obtain stable therapeutic effects. 
  • 818
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Norovirus Vaccines: Clinical Development and Challenges
Noroviruses are the major viral pathogens causing epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis with significant morbidity and mortality. While vaccines against norovirus diseases have been shown to be of high significance, the development of a broadly effective norovirus vaccine remains difficult, owing to the wide genetic and antigenic diversity of noroviruses with multiple co-circulated variants of various genotypes. In addition, the absence of a robust cell culture system, an efficient animal model, and reliable immune markers of norovirus protection for vaccine evaluation further hinders the developmental process.
  • 817
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Role of PINK1 in Parkinson’s Disease
The progressive reduction of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra is thefundamental process underlying Parkinson’s disease (PD), while the mechanism of susceptibilityof this specific neuronal population is largely unclear. Disturbances in mitochondrial function havebeen recognized as one of the main pathways in sporadic PD since the finding of respiratory chainimpairment in animal models of PD. Studies on genetic forms of PD have provided new insight onthe role of mitochondrial bioenergetics, homeostasis, and autophagy. PINK1 (PTEN-inducedputative kinase 1) gene mutations, although rare, are the second most common cause ofrecessively inherited early-onset PD, after Parkin gene mutations. Our knowledge of PINK1 andParkin function has increased dramatically in the last years, with the discovery that a processcalled mitophagy, which plays a key role in the maintenance of mitochondrial health, is mediatedby the PINK1/Parkin pathway. In vitro and in vivo models have been developed, supporting therole of PINK1 in synaptic transmission, particularly affecting dopaminergic neurons. It is ofparamount importance to further define the role of PINK1 in mitophagy and mitochondrialhomeostasis in PD pathogenesis in order to delineate novel therapeutic targets.
  • 812
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Intraparenchymal CNS Metastases
Central nervous system (CNS) metastases can occur in a high percentage of systemic cancer patients and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Almost any histology can find its way to the brain, but lung, breast, and melanoma are the most common pathologies seen in the CNS from metastatic disease.
  • 807
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Oxytocin for Methamphetamine Use Disorder
The treatment of substance abuse with oxytocin is a novel approach to a challenging public health issue that continues to contribute to a growing economic cost for societies worldwide. Methamphetamine addiction is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and despite advances in understanding the neurobiology of methamphetamine addiction, treatment options are limited. The effects of oxytocin on methamphetamine use outlined should act as a catalyst for further investigation into the efficacy of treating stimulant use disorder, methamphetamine type with oxytocin in humans. 
  • 807
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cardiac amyloidosis
Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is considered to be associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias and electromechanical dissociation. 
  • 806
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common cause of valvular heart disease. Although many patients with MVP have a benign course, there is increasing recognition of an arrhythmic phenotype associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with arrhythmias include cardiac fibrosis, mechanical stress induced changes in ventricular refractory periods, as well as electrophysiologic changes in Purkinje fibers. 
  • 804
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions
Drug hypersensitivity reactions are a serious concern in clinical practice because they can be severe and result in lifelong sequelae. An accurate diagnosis and identification of the culprit drug is essential to prevent future reactions as well as for the identification of safe treatment alternatives. 
  • 802
  • 30 Aug 2023
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