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Topic Review
D-Serine and D-Aspartate in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia (Sch) is a severe and widespread mental disorder. Antipsychotics (APs) of the first and new generations as the first-line treatment of Sch are not effective in about a third of cases and are also unable to treat negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenics. This explains the search for new therapeutic strategies for a disease-modifying therapy for treatment-resistant Sch (TRS). Biological compounds are of great interest to researchers and clinicians, among which D-Serine (D-Ser) and D-Aspartate (D-Asp) are among the promising ones. The Sch glutamate theory suggests that neurotransmission dysfunction caused by glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) may represent a primary deficiency in this mental disorder and play an important role in the development of TRS. D-Ser and D-Asp are direct NMDAR agonists and may be involved in modulating the functional activity of dopaminergic neurons.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Functional Foods to Ameliorate Neurogenic Muscle Atrophy
Neurogenic muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that occurs from nerve trauma in association with diseases or during aging, leading to reduced interaction between motoneurons and skeletal fibers. Therapeutic approaches aiming at preserving muscle mass in a scenario of decreased nervous input include physical activity and employment of drugs that slow down the progression of the condition yet provide no concrete resolution. Nutritional support appears as a precious tool, adding to the success of personalized medicine, and could thus play a relevant part in mitigating neurogenic muscle atrophy.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Osteoblast-Osteoclast Communication and Bone Homeostasis
Bone remodeling is tightly regulated by a cross-talk between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts communicate with each other to regulate cellular behavior, survival and differentiation through direct cell-to-cell contact or through secretory proteins. Osteoclasts also influence osteoblast formation and differentiation through secretion of soluble factors, including S1P, SEMA4D, CTHRC1 and C3. Here the current knowledge regarding membrane bound- and soluble factors governing cross-talk between osteoblasts and osteoclasts was reviewed.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Essential Oils in the Treatment of Acne
Acne is a chronic, common disease that poses a significant therapeutic, psychological and social problem. Acne treatment is often associated with the long-term use of antibiotics, contributing to the global antibiotic resistance crisis. Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) are one of the world’s most widespread sources of medicines. Among CAMs, essential oils are the most popular choice for treating many skin conditions due to their strong antimicrobial properties. 
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Organotin (IV) Dithiocarbamate Compounds as Potential Anticancer Agents
Organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate has recently received attention as a therapeutic agent among organotin (IV) compounds. The individual properties of the organotin (IV) and dithiocarbamate moieties in the hybrid complex form a synergy of action that stimulates increased biological activity. Organotin (IV) components have been shown to play a crucial role in cytotoxicity. The biological effects of organotin compounds are believed to be influenced by the number of Sn-C bonds and the number and nature of alkyl or aryl substituents within the organotin structure. Ligands target and react with molecules while preventing unwanted changes in the biomolecules. Organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate compounds have also been shown to have a broad range of cellular, biochemical, and molecular effects, with their toxicity largely determined by their structure.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Topology Optimisation Methods for Satellite Structures
Launching satellites into the Earth’s orbit is a critical area of research, and very demanding satellite services increase exponentially as modern society takes shape. At the same time, the costs of developing and launching satellite missions with shorter development times increase the requirements of novel approaches in the several engineering areas required to build, test, launch, and operate satellites in the Earth’s orbit, as well as in orbits around other celestial bodies. One area with the potential to save launching costs is that of the structural integrity of satellites, particularly in the launching phase where the largest vibrations due to the rocket motion and subsequent stresses could impact the survival ability of the satellite. To address this problem, two important areas of engineering join together to provide novel, complete, and competitive solutions: topology optimisation methods and additive manufacturing. Topology optimisation methods are mathematical methods that allow iteratively optimising structures (usually by decreasing mass) while improving some structural properties depending on the application (load capacity, for instance), through the maximisation or minimisation of a uni- or multi-objective function and multiple types of algorithms. This area has been widely active in general and has two main core types of algorithms: continuum methods that modify continuous parameters such as density, and discrete methods that work by adding and deleting material elements in a meshing context. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Process Synthesis and Intensification Framework
This Process Synthesis and Intensification (PS+I) framework uses a low-aggregation superstructure to solve the synthesis problem, and its solution is interpreted and translated into a task-integrated intensified process. Then, the process is post-optimized to find a better balance between operation and equipment costs. The solution leads to novel and counterintuitive intensified processes with low cost and energy requirements.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Jul 2024
Topic Review
Taxifolin for Amyloid-β-associated Neurodegenerative Diseases
Amyloid-β (Aβ) has been closely implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the major causes of dementia. Thus, Aβ could be a target for the treatment of these diseases, for which, currently, there are no established effective treatments. Taxifolin is a bioactive catechol-type flavonoid present in various plants, such as herbs, and it exhibits pleiotropic effects including anti-oxidant and anti-glycation activities. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Mar 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas Derivatives
The field of genome editing started with the discovery of meganucleases (e.g. the LAGLIDADG family of homing endonucleases) in yeast. After the discovery of transcription activator-like effector nucleases and zinc finger nucleases, the recently discovered CRISPR/Cas system has opened a new window of applications in the field of gene editing. Here, we review different Cas proteins and their corresponding features including advantages and disadvantages and we provide an overview of the different dCas derivatives. These dCas derivatives consist of an endonuclease-deficient Cas9 which can be fused to different effector domains to perform distinct in vitro applications such as tracking, transcriptional activation and repression, as well as base editing. Finally, we review the in vivo applications of these dCas derivatives and discuss their potential to perform gene activation and repression in vivo, as well as their potential future use in human therapy.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Chronic Periodontal Disease
Periodontitis (PD) is an infection-driven inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues caused by pathogenic microorganisms, which have been characterized by disruption of the tooth-supporting structures. In periodontal disease treatment, the conventional route of drug administration has many drawbacks such as poor biodistribution, low selectivity of the therapeutic effect, burst release of the drug, and damage to healthy cells. To overcome these difficulties, controlled drug delivery systems have been evolved as an alternative method to address oral infectious disease ailments. The use of drug delivery devices proves to be an excellent auxiliary method in enhancing the quality and effectiveness in periodontitis treatment, which includes inaccessible periodontal pockets. In the literature, there have been described as many various polymer-based delivery systems such as hydrogels, liposomes, micro-, and nanoparticles, which can be used in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease. The review shows the current state of knowledge regarding the applications of various polymer-based delivery systems such as hydrogels, liposomes, micro-, and nanoparticles in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer worldwide, and is a subtype of nonmelanoma skin cancer, characterized by a constantly increasing incidence due to an aging population and widespread sun exposure. Although the mortality from BCC is negligible, this tumor can be associated with significant morbidity and cost.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Differential Co-Expression Analyses
Biological systems respond to perturbations through the rewiring of molecular interactions, organised in gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Among these, the increasingly high availability of transcriptomic data makes gene co-expression networks the most exploited ones. Differential co-expression networks are useful tools to identify changes in response to an external perturbation, such as mutations predisposing to cancer development, and leading to changes in the activity of gene expression regulators or signalling. They can help explain the robustness of cancer cells to perturbations and identify promising candidates for targeted therapy, moreover providing higher specificity with respect to standard co-expression methods.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Alzheimer Disease
Alzheimer disease is a degenerative disease of the brain that causes dementia, which is a gradual loss of memory, judgment, and ability to function. This disorder usually appears in people older than age 65, but less common forms of the disease appear earlier in adulthood.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
CA12 Gene
carbonic anhydrase 12
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
PAX3 Gene
paired box 3
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Microfluidic High-Throughput Platforms
High-throughput screening is a potent technique to accelerate the discovery and development of new materials. By performing massive synthesis and characterization processes in parallel, it can rapidly discover materials with desired components, structures and functions. Among the various approaches for high-throughput screening, microfluidic platforms have attracted increasing attention. Compared with many current strategies that are generally based on robotic dispensers and automatic microplates, microfluidic platforms can significantly increase the throughput and reduce the consumption of reagents by several orders of magnitude.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Biomass-Derived Carbon Electrocatalyst
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has attracted considerable attention for clean energy conversion technologies to reduce traditional fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Although platinum (Pt) metal is currently used as an electrocatalyst to accelerate sluggish ORR kinetics, the scarce resource and high cost still restrict its further scale-up applications. In this regard, biomass-derived carbon electrocatalysts have been widely adopted for ORR electrocatalysis in recent years owing to their tunable physical/chemical properties and cost-effective precursors.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Insulin-Degrading Enzyme in Insulin Clearance
Hepatic insulin clearance, a physiological process that in response to nutritional cues clears ~50–80% of circulating insulin, is emerging as an important factor in our understanding of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a highly conserved Zn2+-metalloprotease that degrades insulin and several other intermediate-size peptides. Both insulin clearance and IDE activity are reduced in diabetic patients, albeit the cause-effect relationship in humans remains unproven. Because historically IDE has been proposed as the main enzyme involved in insulin degradation, efforts towards developing IDE inhibitors as therapeutics in diabetic patients have attracted attention during the last decades.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cardio- and Neurometabolic Adipobiology
Abstract: Studies over the past 30 years have revealed that adipose tissue is the major endocrine and paracrine organ of the human body. Arguably, adiopobiology has taken its reasonable place in studying obesity and related cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is viewed herein as a neurometabolic disorder. The pathogenesis and therapy of these diseases are multiplex at basic, clinical and translational levels. Our present goal is to describe new developments in cardiometabolic and neurometabolic adipobiology. Accordingly, we focus on adipose- and/or skeletal muscle-derived signaling proteins (adipsin, adiponectin, nerve growth factor, brain-derived neuroptrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, irisin, sirtuins, Klotho, neprilysin, follistatin-like protein-1, meteorin-like (metrnl), as well as growth differentiation factor 11) as examples of metabotrophic factors (MTFs) implicated in the pathogenesis and therapy of obesity and related CMDs. We argue that these pathologies are MTF-deficient diseases. In 1993 the “vascular hypothesis of AD” was published and in the present review we propose the “vasculometabolic hypothesis of AD.” We discuss how MTFs could bridge CMDs and neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Greater insights on how to manage the MTF network would provide benefits to the quality of human life.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bone Metastases
Bone metastasis remains a major cause of death in cancer patients, and current therapies for bone metastatic disease are mainly palliative. Bone metastases arise after cancer cells have colonized the bone and co-opted the normal bone remodeling process.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Apr 2021
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