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Topic Review
Honey: Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
The intrinsic characteristics and the complex composition of honey, in which different substances with antimicrobial properties are included, make it an antimicrobial agent with multiple and different target sites in the fight against bacteria. This characteristic could be behind the difficulty of bacteria to acquire honey-resistance. and suggests that it could become an effective alternative in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Irisin and Autophagy: First Update
Aging and sedentary life style are considered independent risk factors for many disorders. Under these conditions, accumulation of dysfunctional and damaged cellular proteins and organelles occurs, resulting in a cellular degeneration and cell death. Autophagy is a conserved recycling pathway responsible for the degradation, then turnover of cellular proteins and organelles. This process is a part of the molecular underpinnings by which exercise promotes healthy aging and mitigate age-related pathologies. Irisin is a myokine released during physical activity and acts as a link between muscles and other tissues and organs. Its main beneficial function is the change of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue into brown adipose tissue, with a consequential increase in thermogenesis. Irisin modulates metabolic processes, acting on glucose homeostasis, reduces systemic inflammation, maintains the balance between resorption and bone formation, and regulates the functioning of the nervous system. Recently, some of its pleiotropic and favorable properties have been attributed to autophagy induction, posing irisin as an important regulator of autophagy by exercise.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cryptosporidium Parvum
Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic intracellular protozoan responsible for the diarrheal illness cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. Although a number of zoite surface proteins are known to be expressed during, and believed to be involved in, attachment and invasion of host cells, the molecular mechanisms by which C. parvum invades the host epithelial cells are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the gene expression patterns, protein localization in developmental stages in culture, and in vitro neutralization characteristics of Cpgp40/15 and Cpgp40. Indirect immunoflfluorescence assay showed that Cpgp40/15 is associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) during intracellular development. Both anti-gp40/15 and anti-gp40 antibodies demonstrated the ability to neutralize C. parvum infection in vitro. Further studies are needed to fully understand the specifific role and functional mechanism of Cpgp40/15 (or gp40/15 complex) in the invasion of the host or in the PVM and to determine the feasibility of gp40/15 as a vaccine candidate for cryptosporidiosis in vivo.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
A New Parcel Delivery System
This entry proposes a novel parcel delivery system which consists of a drone and public transportation vehicles such as trains, trams, etc. This system involves two delivery schemes: drone-direct scheme referring to delivering to a customer by a drone directly and drone–vehicle collaborating scheme referring to delivering a customer based on the collaboration of a drone and public transportation vehicles. The fundamental characteristics including the delivery time, energy consumption and battery recharging are modelled, based on which a time-dependent scheduling problem for a single drone is formulated. It is shown to be NP-complete and a dynamic programming-based exact algorithm is presented. Since its computational complexity is exponential with respect to the number of customers, a sub-optimal algorithm is further developed. This algorithm accounts the time for delivery and recharging, and it first schedules the customer which leads to the earliest return.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Antioxidant Potential of Psychotropic Drugs
Due to high oxygen consumption, the brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, which is considered an important element in the etiopathogenesis of several mental disorders, including schizophrenia, depression and dependencies. Despite the fact that it is not established yet whether oxidative stress is a cause or a consequence of clinic manifestations, the intake of antioxidant supplements in combination with the psychotropic therapy constitutes a valuable solution in patients’ treatment. When the psychoactive compounds possess themselves antioxidant capacity, this is an added-value for the therapy.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Wave Energy Resource
Advanced assessment of the wave energy resource is fundamental to guarantee the implementation of energy converters in the marine environment, thus capturing the available power with maximum efficiency, reduced costs, and minimum environmental impacts. We review here the most recent resource characterizations encompassing a panel of approaches and techniques applied to available observations (in situ and satellite), hindcast and reanalysis archives, and refined numerical simulations specifically dedicated to wave power assessments. After a description of formulations adopted to characterize the wave energy flux, the review exhibits a series of energy metrics and selection indexes considered to refine the analysis. Benefits, limitations and potential of the different methods were discussed with respect to different applications in the most energetic locations around the world.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
16p11.2 Duplication
16p11.2 duplication is a chromosomal change in which a small amount of genetic material within chromosome 16 is abnormally copied (duplicated). The duplication occurs near the middle of the chromosome at a location designated p11.2. This duplication can have a variety of effects. Common characteristics that occur in people with a 16p11.2 duplication include a low weight; a small head size (microcephaly); and developmental delay, especially in speech and language. Affected individuals also have an increased risk of behavioral problems. However, some people with the duplication have no identified physical or behavioral abnormalities.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles
Exosomes are endosome-derived nanovesicles produced by healthy as well as diseased cells. Their proteic, lipidic and nucleic acid composition is related to the cell of origin, and by vehiculating bioactive molecules they are involved in cell-to-cell signaling, both in healthy and pathologic conditions. Being nano-sized, non-toxic, biocompatible, scarcely immunogenic, and possessing targeting ability and organotropism, exosomes have been proposed as nanocarriers for their potential application in diagnosis and therapy. Among the different techniques exploited for exosome isolation, the sequential ultracentrifugation/ultrafiltration method seems to be the gold standard; alternatively, commercially available kits for exosome selective precipitation from cell culture media are frequently employed. To load a drug or a detectable agent into exosomes, endogenous or exogenous loading approaches have been developed, while surface engineering procedures, such as click chemistry, hydrophobic insertion and exosome display technology, allow for obtaining actively targeted exosomes. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a promising tool in drug discovery. Especially, fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) has benefited a lot from the NMR development. Multiple candidate compounds and FDA-approved drugs derived from FBDD have been developed with the assistance of NMR techniques. NMR has broad applications in different stages of the FBDD process, which includes fragment library construction, hit generation and validation, hit-to-lead optimization and working mechanism elucidation, etc.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Animals Microbially Mediated Chemical Ecology
Microbial symbionts are nowadays considered of pivotal importance for animal life. Among the many processes where microorganisms are involved, an emerging research avenue focuses on their major role in driving the evolution of chemical communication in their hosts. Volatiles of bacterial origin may underlie chemical communication and the transfer of social information through signals, as well as inadvertent social information.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Citicoline in TBI Management
Head injury is among the most devastating types of injury, specifically called Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). There is a need to diminish the morbidity related with TBI and to improve the outcome of patients suffering TBI. Among the improvements in the treatment of TBI, neuroprotection is one of the upcoming improvements. Citicoline has been used in the management of brain ischemia related disorders, such as TBI. Citicoline has biochemical, pharmacological, and pharmacokinetic characteristics that make it a potentially useful neuroprotective drug for the management of TBI.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
SRC-3
Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), also known as amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1), is a member of the SRC family. SRC-3 regulates not only the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors but also many other transcription factors. Besides the essential role of SRC-3 in physiological functions, it also acts as an oncogene to promote multiple aspects of cancer.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Extremophilic Actinobacteria: Microbes to Medicine
Actinobacteria constitute prolific sources of novel and vital bioactive metabolites for pharmaceutical utilization. In recent years, research has focused on exploring actinobacteria that thrive in extreme conditions to unearth their beneficial bioactive compounds for natural product drug discovery. Natural products have a significant role in resolving public health issues such as antibiotic resistance and cancer. The breakthrough of new technologies has overcome the difficulties in sampling and culturing extremophiles, leading to the outpouring of more studies on actinobacteria from extreme environments. This review focuses on the diversity and bioactive potentials/medically relevant biomolecules of extremophilic actinobacteria found from various unique and extreme niches. Actinobacteria possess an excellent capability to produce various enzymes and secondary metabolites to combat harsh conditions. In particular, a few strains have displayed substantial antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), shedding light on the development of MRSA-sensitive antibiotics. Several strains exhibited other prominent bioactivities such as antifungal, anti-HIV, anticancer, and anti-inflammation. By providing an overview of the recently found extremophilic actinobacteria and their important metabolites, we hope to enhance the understanding of their potential for the medical world.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cloud Development and 3D Printing
The United Nations (UN) 2030 agenda on sustainable development goals (SDGs) encourages us to implement sustainable infrastructure and services for confronting challenges such as large energy consumption, solid waste generation, depletion of water resources and emission of greenhouse gases in the construction industry. Therefore, to overcome challenges and establishing sustainable construction, there is a requirement to integrate information technology with innovative manufacturing processes and materials science. Moreover, the wide implementation of three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology in constructing monuments, artistic objects, and residential buildings has gained attention. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud manufacturing (CM), and 3DP allows us to digitalize the construction for providing reliable and digitalized features to the users. In this review article, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of implementing the IoT, CM, and 3D printing (3DP) technologies in building constructions for achieving sustainability. 
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Thermochromic Polymeric Films
Polymers as smart temperature sensors
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Infectious complications after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer
Despite advances in the perioperative management of esophagectomy, it is still a highly invasive procedure for esophageal cancer and is associated with severe postoperative complications. The two major postoperative infectious complications after esophagectomy are pulmonary complications and anastomotic leakage. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Polyelectrolytes Sorbents used in Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) face great challenges in optimizing technologies and ensuring environmental sustainability, in direct correlation with the increased pollution with emerging and priority compounds, wastewater quality discharged and climate changes challenges. The recent developments on the synthesis and characterization of composites based on polyelectrolytes, are discussed, and a correlation of their actual structure and properties with the adsorption mechanisms and removal efficiencies of various pollutants in aqueous media (priority and emerging pollutants or other model pollutants) are presented.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Tau protein Interaction Partners
Tau protein belongs to the family of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and can influence axonal transport and growth, neuronal polarization, and thus the normal function of neurons and the brain.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Emissions from Construction in China
The construction industry’s high energy consumption and carbon emissions significantly burden the ecological environment. Numerous solid wastes and greenhouse gases (GHG) are generated as high-energy-consuming and high-emission products during the construction process. Thirty percent of China’s total energy consumption comes from construction projects.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Tracing the Impact Pathways of COVID-19 on Tourism
The COVID-19 epidemic has caused unprecedented impacts on the travel and tourism industry. Most prominently among them is the development of an integrated management system that improves the coordination of the response of local government to crisis and that better orchestrates the combined efforts and integration of non-governmental organizations. The challenges of the pandemic require similar measures to tackling sustainability challenges by fostering resilience, adaptivity, flexibility, collaboration, and co-creation.Impacts and possible mitigation strategies against COVID-19 need to be identified for national strategy development to make countries more resilient to such a crisis in the future, even if each country faces challenges from the pandemic that are unique
  • 1.3K
  • 30 May 2022
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