Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Protein Interface in Fuzzy Complexes
microtubules and homologous recombination nucleoprotein filaments, where a network of intrinsically disordered tails exerts regulatory function in recruiting partner macromolecules, proteins or DNA and tuning the atomic level association.
  • 697
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Chemical Biology of Reactive Sulfur Species in Plants
Abiotic and biotic stresses negatively affect plant cellular and biological processes, limiting their growth and productivity. Plants respond to these environmental cues and biotrophic attackers by activating intricate metabolic-molecular signaling networks precisely and coordinately. One of the initial signaling networks activated is involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS). RSS has been proclaimed to be inexorably interlinked with all life forms from its inception to the present day.
  • 697
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Histone Post-Translational Modifications in a Mitotic Chromosome
During mitosis, many cellular structures are organized to segregate the replicated genome to the daughter cells. Chromatin is condensed to shape a mitotic chromosome. A multiprotein complex known as kinetochore is organized on a specific region of each chromosome, the centromere, which is defined by the presence of a histone H3 variant called CENP-A. The cytoskeleton is re-arranged to give rise to the mitotic spindle that binds to kinetochores and leads to the movement of chromosomes. How chromatin regulates different activities during mitosis is not well known. The role of histone post-translational modifications (HPTMs) in mitosis has been recently revealed. Specific HPTMs participate in local compaction during chromosome condensation. On the other hand, HPTMs are involved in CENP-A incorporation in the centromere region, an essential activity to maintain centromere identity. HPTMs also participate in the formation of regulatory protein complexes, such as the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). 
  • 696
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Role of Mint3 in Inflammatory Response Cancer
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in cells adapting to a low-oxygen environment by facilitating a switch from oxygen-dependent ATP production to glycolysis. Mediated by membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) expression, Munc-18-1 interacting protein 3 (Mint3) binds to the factor inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH-1) and inhibits its suppressive effect, leading to HIF-1α activation. Defects in Mint3 generally lead to improved acute inflammation, which is regulated by HIF-1α and subsequent glycolysis, as well as the suppression of the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells directly through its expression in cancer cells and indirectly through its expression in macrophages or fibroblasts associated with cancer. Mint3 in inflammatory monocytes enhances the chemotaxis into metastatic sites and the production of vascular endothelial growth factors, which leads to the expression of E-selectin at the metastatic sites and the extravasation of cancer cells. Fibroblasts express L1 cell adhesion molecules in a Mint3-dependent manner and enhance integrin-mediated cancer progression. In pancreatic cancer cells, Mint3 directly promotes cancer progression. Naphthofluorescein, a Mint3 inhibitor, can disrupt the interaction between FIH-1 and Mint3 and potently suppress Mint3-mediated inflammation, cancer progression, and metastasis without causing marked adverse effects. 
  • 696
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Kinase Inhibitor Therapies for Fragile X Syndrome
Absence of the Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMRP) causes autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability, commonly referred to as the Fragile X syndrome. FMRP is a negative regulator of protein translation and is essential for neuronal development and synapse formation. FMRP is a target for several post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation and methylation, which tightly regulate its cellular functions. Studies have indicated the involvement of FMRP in a multitude of cellular pathways, and an absence of FMRP was shown to affect several neurotransmitter receptors, for example, the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor and intracellular signaling molecules such as Serine-Threonine Protein kinase B (Akt), Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3). Interestingly, many of these molecules function as protein kinases or phosphatases and thus are potentially amendable by pharmacological treatment.
  • 694
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Plant Exosomal Vesicles
Exosomal nanoparticles (exosomes or nanovesicles) are biogenic membrane vesicles secreted by various cell types and represent a conservative mechanism of intercellular and interspecies communication in pro- and eukaryotic organisms.
  • 694
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Contribution of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer Development
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that show striking resemblance to mRNA in terms of synthesis and structure but lacks protein coding capacity. High-throughput RNA-sequencing technologies revealed that they are present in tens of thousands, outnumbering the protein coding genes. Functional investigations reveal that they show highly tissue-, cell type-, and developmental-specific expression and regulate biological processes that control differentiation and development. More importantly, recent evidence suggests that lncRNA are highly dysregulated in cancers and play a crucial role in cancer development and progression through regulating oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways, cellular metabolism, and the immune response and tumor microenvironment.
  • 694
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nuclear Phosphoinositides as Key Determinants of Nuclear Functions
Polyphosphoinositides (PPIns) are signalling messengers representing less than five per cent of the total phospholipid concentration within the cell. Despite their low concentration, these lipids are critical regulators of various cellular processes, including cell cycle, differentiation, gene transcription, apoptosis and motility. PPIns are generated by the phosphorylation of the inositol head group of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). Different pools of PPIns are found at distinct subcellular compartments, which are regulated by an array of kinases, phosphatases and phospholipases. Six of the seven PPIns species have been found in the nucleus, including the nuclear envelope, the nucleoplasm and the nucleolus. The identification and characterisation of PPIns interactor and effector proteins in the nucleus have led to increasing interest in the role of PPIns in nuclear signalling. However, the regulation and functions of PPIns in the nucleus are complex and are still being elucidated.
  • 694
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Targeting Exosomes
Breast cancer metastasis is a complicated process involving multiple physiological changes, and lung, brain, bone and liver are the main metastatic targets. Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that contain secreted cellular constitutes. The biogenesis and functions of exosomes in cancer have been intensively studied, and mounting studies have indicated that exosomes play a crucial role in cancer metastasis. 
  • 694
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Bacterial Artemisia Plants
Over 70,000 people die of bacterial infections worldwide annually. Antibiotics have been liberally used to treat these diseases and, consequently, antibiotic resistance and drug ineffectiveness has been generated. In this environment, new anti-bacterial compounds are being urgently sought. Around 500 Artemisia species have been identified worldwide. Most species of this genus are aromatic and have multiple functions. Research into the Artemisia plants has expanded rapidly in recent years.
  • 693
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology—TNBC Risk in T2DM Patients
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is usually the most malignant and aggressive mammary epithelial tumor characterized by the lack of expression for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, and the absence of epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 amplification. Corresponding to 15–20% of all breast cancers and well-known by its poor clinical outcome, this negative receptor expression deprives TNBC from targeted therapy and makes its management therapeutically challenging. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common ageing metabolic disorder due to insulin deficiency or resistance resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Due to metabolic and hormonal imbalances, there are many interplays between both chronic disorders leading to increased risk of breast cancer, especially TNBC, diagnosed in T2DM patients.
  • 693
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
EVOO’s Flavor
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the most distinctive ingredients of the Mediterranean diet. EVOO can be defined as the oil obtained from the fruit of the olive tree (Olea europaea), using exclusively mechanical or physical procedures. To obtain an EVOO, olives cannot be treated with other procedures than washing, decanting, centrifugation, and filtration, thus excluding oils obtained with solvents or by re-esterification or oil mixing procedures.
  • 692
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Innate Immunity in Disease and Adaptation to Stress
Since first being documented in ancient times, the relation of inflammation with injury and disease has evolved in complexity and causality. Early observations supported a cause (injury) and effect (inflammation) relationship, but the number of pathologies linked to chronic inflammation suggests that inflammation itself acts as a potent promoter of injury and disease. Additionally, results from studies over the last decades point to chronic inflammation and innate immune signaling as a critical link between stress (exogenous and endogenous) and adaptation.
  • 691
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Retinoids in Neuronal Cell Fate Acquisition
Neuronal differentiation has been shown to be directed by retinoid action during embryo development and has been exploited in various in vitro cell differentiation systems. In this research, the researchers summarize the role of retinoids through the activation of their specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors during embryo development and also in a variety of in vitro strategies for neuronal differentiation, including efforts in driving cell specialization towards a range of neuronal subtypes and glial cells. Finally, the researchers highlight the role of retinoic acid in protocols recapitulating nervous tissue complexity (cerebral organoids). Overall, the researchers expect that this effort might pave the way for exploring the usage of specific synthetic retinoids for directing complex nervous tissue differentiation.
  • 691
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Dysregulated Signalling Pathways Driving Anticancer Drug Resistance
One of the leading causes of death worldwide, in both men and women, is cancer. Despite the significant development in therapeutic strategies, the inevitable emergence of drug resistance limits the success and impedes the curative outcome. Intrinsic and acquired resistance are common mechanisms responsible for cancer relapse. Several factors crucially regulate tumourigenesis and resistance, including physical barriers, tumour microenvironment (TME), heterogeneity, genetic and epigenetic alterations, the immune system, tumour burden, growth kinetics and undruggable targets. Moreover, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Notch, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphoinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), wingless-related integration site (Wnt/β-catenin), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) and RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways are some of the key players that have a pivotal role in drug resistance mechanisms.
  • 690
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
C. elegans DMD Mutants
The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has been used extensively to enhance our understanding of the human neuromuscular disorder Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).
  • 689
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Cholesterol-Dependent Effects of Statins
Retrospective studies of common malignancies such as head and neck cancer often report lower incidence and/or better outcomes for patients incidentally treated with statins, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors commonly prescribed to reduce blood cholesterol and related cardiovascular risks. Lipophilic statins have been proposed to both sensitize to therapy and spare normal tissue, suggesting particular benefits in head and neck cancer, where treatment often incurs major toxicities. While roles for statins in prevention remain controversial, rigorous laboratory studies have confirmed the direct effects of statins on cells and tumors that enhance response to chemotherapy, radiation, targeted agents and immunotherapy.
  • 689
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Physiology/Pathology of T-Cell Intracellular Antigen 1-Like Protein
T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1)-related/like (TIAR/TIAL1) protein is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein (RBP) involved in regulating many aspects of gene expression, independently or in combination with its paralog TIA1. TIAR was first described in 1992 by Paul Anderson’s lab in relation to the development of a cell death phenotype in immune system cells, as it possesses nucleolytic activity against cytotoxic lymphocyte target cells. Similar to TIA1, it is characterized by a subcellular nucleo-cytoplasmic localization and ubiquitous expression in the cells of different tissues of higher organisms.
  • 689
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ophiobolins in Aspergillus ustus 094102
Ophiobolins are a group of sesterterpenoids with a 5-8-5 tricyclic skeleton. They exhibit a significant cytotoxicity and present potential medicinal prospects. 
  • 688
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Removal of Analgesics and Antibiotics by Laccases
Laccase is an enzyme belonging to the class of oxidoreductases. It catalyzes the four-electron oxidation of a substrate in the presence of molecular oxygen as a co-substrate to form water. The removal of pharmaceutically active substances by enzymes such as laccases has received considerable attention. Laccases were evaluated for their efficacy in degrading pharmaceutical substances across various categories, including analgesics, antibiotics, antiepileptics, antirheumatic drugs, cytostatics, hormones, anxiolytics, and sympatholytics.
  • 688
  • 28 Feb 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 133
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Academic Video Service
Feedback