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Topic Review
Magnesium Modified β-Tricalcium Phosphate
Researchers already improved the properties of β-TCP by achieving optimum surface and bulk β-TCP chemical/physical properties through the hydrothermal addition of magnesium (Mg) and to later establish the biocompatibility of β-TCP/Mg for bone grafting and tissue engineering treatments. The present results indicate that the hydrothermal addition of 1.4 wt% MgO to the particle surface of β- TCP particle significantly increased cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in vitro and resulted in more new bone regeneration from histologic and micro-CT evaluation in vivo compared to the β-TCP control particles; altogether, Mg was advantageous to commercial β-TCP bone regeneration.
  • 520
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Oral Management of X-Linked Hypophosphatemia
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common genetic form of rickets and osteomalacia and is characterized by growth retardation, deformities of the lower limbs, and bone and muscular pain. Spontaneous dental abscesses caused by endodontic infections due to dentin dysplasia are well-known dental manifestations. When dentin affected by microcracks or attrition of the enamel is exposed to oral fluids, oral bacteria are able to invade the hypomineralized dentin and pulp space, leading to pulp necrosis, followed by the formation of a periapical gingival abscess. 
  • 519
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy and Oral Cancer Management
Mouth cancer often results in poor outcomes and requires the use of state-of-the-art medical approaches to make its detection easy, individualized, and early. Liquid biopsy is a new and important medical approach to disease detection. This approach has been successfully used for mouth cancer detection and monitoring of treatment progress in many countries. Liquid biopsy is an attractive option for mouth cancer detection because it does not involve any invasive procedure and can be used on easily accessible body fluids, such as saliva and blood. 
  • 518
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Oral Health
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak in Wuhan, China, was first reported to the China Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO), on 31 December 2019. These initial cases were linked to an animal wet market. The SARS-CoV-2 and its virulent variants cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is highly contagious and spreads rapidly. The WHO declared it a global emergency on 30 January 2020, and a global pandemic on 11 March 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 genome was identified to be 70–80% identical to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and several bat coronaviruses. The similarity between these coronaviruses suggests that the bat may be the natural host and potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, which may have been inadvertently transmitted to humans. SARS-CoV-2 transmits readily via droplet transmission; other modes of transmission may include aerosol and oral-fecal routes. It can also be transmitted via contact with infected surfaces and oral fluids. This puts dentists and healthcare professionals at risk of COVID-19 infections, and highlights dental and medical offices as a main risk setting for cross infection of patients and healthcare professionals. Mask, face shields, handwashing, and personal protective equipment (PPE) are currently used in dental and medical facilities for COVID-19 prevention consistent with CDC guidelines.
  • 516
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Marine Biopolymer Alginate in Endodontics
Alginate is a natural marine biopolymer that has been widely used in biomedical applications, but research on its use as an endodontic material is still sparse in the literature. Alginate or salt of alginic acid is one of the most abundant biopolymeric hydrocolloids derived primarily from seaweeds. In dentistry, hydrocolloid alginate has been commonly employed as a dental impression material to make gypsum casts for various treatment purposes, including provisional crowns and bridges, orthodontic study models, mouth guards, bleaching trays, and removable dental prostheses.
  • 516
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
No-pain Removal of HPV Lesions in Oral Cavity
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection: verruca vulgaris (VV), squamous cell papilloma (SP), condyloma acuminatum (CA), and multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (MFEH), all of them are a benign hyperplastic exophytic proliferation of the oral epithelium, caused by different HPV genotypes. Subtypes 6 and 11, with a low-oncogenic risk, are the most commonly found and cause CA in both the oral cavity and in the anogenital region. Labial mucosa, soft palate and lingual frenum are the most common locations of CA and koilocytes can be observed in histopathologic sections. All HPV-related oral lesions present clinical similarities, and therefore, a biopsy is necessary for a precise diagnosis.
  • 514
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Guided Endodontic Surgery
Endodontic surgery has evolved over the past. The use of state-of-the-art guided endodontic surgical procedures produces a predictable outcome in the healing of lesions of endodontic origin. Surgical-guided endodontics is a relatively new area of study that is still maturing. It has many applications such as root canal access and localization, microsurgical endodontics, endodontic retreatment, and glass fiber post removal. Additionally, it does not matter how experienced the operator is; the procedure can be completed for the patient in less time and provides greater accuracy and safety than conventional endodontics.
  • 514
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Brain and Oral Microbiota
There is an oral microbiota of the mouth, a microbiota of the skin that has many subcategories (e.g., the armpits, nose, feet), and gut microbiota, among many others. Disruptions to these different microbiomes are increasingly becoming associated with numerous inflammatory, immune, and nervous system-related diseases by a communication pathway called the microbiome–brain axis.
  • 512
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sarcopenia and Oral Status
Aging is accompanied by profound changes in many physiological functions, leading to a decreased ability to cope with stressors. Many changes are subtle, but can negatively affect nutrient intake, leading to overt malnutrition. Poor oral health may affect food selection and nutrient intake, leading to malnutrition and, consequently, to frailty and sarcopenia. 
  • 511
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
MMPs and MMP-8 in Periodontal Diseases
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of Ca2+ and Zn2+ dependent proteolytic enzymes, able to cleave the various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as a range of other regulatory molecules. It has proven the important role of both MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in oral health, the initial development of the tooth, and during enamel maturation.
  • 511
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Oral Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis Equivalent
The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis is crucial in regulating thyroid hormone levels that contribute to the development and homeostasis of the human body. Studies supports the presence of a local HPT axis equivalent within keratinocytes, with thyroid hormones playing a potential role in cancer progression. 
  • 510
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Barrier Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) has become a clinically standard modality for the treatment of localized jawbone defects. Barrier membranes play an important role in this process by preventing soft tissue invasion outgoing from the mucosa and creating an underlying space to support bone growth. Different membrane types provide different biological mechanisms due to their different origins, preparation methods and structures. Among them, collagen membranes have attracted great interest due to their excellent biological properties and desired bone regeneration results to non-absorbable membranes even without a second surgery for removal.
  • 508
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Oral Infections on Systemic Health
Immunological mechanisms are known to affect the oral cavity with characteristic pathologic alterations. Infections in general have been suggested to trigger autoimmune diseases such as rheumatic diseases and diabetes and their oral microorganisms such as P. gingivalis may play a role. In The Stockholm Study, the prevalence of autoimmune diseases was investigated and 50 such patients were detected in the database.
  • 506
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Chronic Kidney Disease, Periodontitis, Red Complex Bacteria, TNF-α
Periodontitis, referred to as gum disease, is a serious bacterial infection that damages the surrounding structures of the teeth, including the supporting bones, lastly without prompt treatment resulting in tooth loss.
  • 505
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Diode Lasers for Impacted Teeth Minimally-Invasive Exposure
The use of diode lasers for oral surgery soft tissue procedures is associated with less pain and bleeding, quick recovery, and better surgical site visibility.  For uncovering superficially impacted teeth with no overlying bone layer, the conventional surgical exposure and orthodontic traction often involve reflecting the surgical flap with a scalpel, releasing incisions apical to the adjacent teeth, and managing surgical site bleeding, pain, and postoperative swelling. The management of impacted teeth is time-consuming (two to three years) and expensive.
  • 504
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Effectiveness of Lasers in Treating Oral Mucocele
Oral mucoceles are non-neoplastic cystic lesions of major and minor salivary glands that commonly occur in the oral cavity. All studies indicated successful clinical results on mucocele excision with better intra- and post-operative indicators. The general characteristics and outcomes were summarized, and the quality of the studies was assessed using CARE guidelines. The reduction or absence of pain and bleeding, hemostasis, reduced operating time, minimal analgesic consumption, and an antibacterial effect were among the advantages of laser irradiation in the included studies. The laser has proven itself to play an effective role in the treatment of oral mucocele in paediatric patients. 
  • 503
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Microenvironment in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders
The microenvironment of Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) refers to the ecosystem that surrounds the potentially malignant cells. It is a complex structure comprised of cellular and non-cellular components. Cellular components include potentially malignant cells, normal epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. While the non-cellular environment is composed of molecules including cytokines and cell surface molecules, and structures such as blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. According to its multi-dimensional characteristics, the microenvironment can be categorized into the immune, metabolic, mechanical, and neural microenvironment. The microenvironment of OPMDs is closely related to carcinogenesis and cancer progression by regulating the immune response, cell metabolism, mechanical trait, and neural activity.  Meanwhile, it also undergoes extensive changes during the carcinogenesis of OPMDs and gradually develops into an immunosuppressive, acidic, and stiff one. In addition, there is a wide range of interactions among immuno–metabolic–mechanical–neural microenvironments, which regulate the carcinogenesis of OPMDs synergistically.
  • 502
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Devices for Tooth Mobility Measurement
Evaluating tooth mobility is clinically significant, not only for diagnosing periodontal tissues but also in determining the overall periodontal treatment plan. Numerous studies related to tooth mobility have been conducted, including the proposal of various classifications as well as the development of electronic devices for objective measurement. 
  • 501
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hand Hygiene in a Pandemic Context with SARS-CoV-2
Hand hygiene (HH) is the basis of any program for infection control. It's a good predictor of nosocomial infections, especially when the medical staff come in contact with a patient’s oral cavity. HH is a widespread topic among students or practitioners. Aspects regarding HH have been addressed in numerous studies conducted during the pandemic period with SARS-CoV-2.
  • 500
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Diet, Nutrition, and Oral Health in Older Adults
Diet, nutrition, and oral health are closely linked. Malnutrition is a challenging health concern in older adults that is associated with physical decline affecting their daily activities and quality of life.
  • 496
  • 07 Oct 2023
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