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Topic Review
Candida in Oral Malignancy
Candida albicans is a commensal fungal species that commonly colonizes the human body, but it is also a pervasive opportunistic pathogen in patients with malignant diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that this fungus is not only coincidental in oncology patients, but may also play an active role in the development of cancer. More specifically, several studies have investigated the potential association between C. albicans and various types of cancer, including oral, esophageal, and colorectal cancer, with a possible role of this species in skin cancer as well. The proposed mechanisms include the production of carcinogenic metabolites, modulation of the immune response, changes in cell morphology, microbiome alterations, biofilm production, the activation of oncogenic signaling pathways, and the induction of chronic inflammation. These mechanisms may act together or independently to promote cancer development.
  • 921
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gastrodin for Osteoporosis Treatment
Gastrodin, a traditional Chinese medicine ingredient, is widely used to treat vascular and neurological diseases. However, recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that gastrodin has anti-osteoporosis effects, and its mechanisms of action include its antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory effect, and anti-apoptotic effect. In addition, gastrodin has many unique advantages in promoting bone healing in tissue engineering, such as inducing high hydrophilicity in the material surface, its anti-inflammatory effect, and pro-vascular regeneration.  Gastrodin promotes the viability and osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, preosteoblasts, and periodontal stem cells, and inhibits osteoclast differentiation, thereby improving bone formation and reducing bone loss.
  • 919
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lasers in Orthodontics
The orthodontics field is constantly looking for innovations to improve mechanical efficiency of tooth movement and patient's quality of life during treatment. New scientific reports on phototherapy and how it can optimize different stages of corrective treatment (before, during and after treatment) are discussed. Recurrent conditions that can be treated with lasers include removal of carious tissue, dentine hypersensitivity, and temporomandibular disorders. There is evidence that laser treatment optimize recovery, enabling the individual to start orthodontic treatment sooner. Along orthodontic interventions, photobiomodulation therapy is indicated for post-activation analgesia, repairing traumatic ulcers, and accelerating tooth movement. In addition, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is also suitable for effective decontamination of oral infections such as herpes lesions and peri-implantitis. Finally, high-intensity lasers are a powerful ally in removing brackets and restoring the red aesthetics. The use of light sources in orthodontic routines has many advantages, including simplicity of technique, ease of handling of the appliance, minimal invasiveness, and patient comfort during the procedure. It is crucial that professionals develop a critical view of technological advances to provide safe, evidence-based treatments. Laser treatment improves the patient's experience during orthodontic treatment and minimizes side effects of clinical procedures.
  • 918
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Regenerative Materials in Furcations of Patients with Periodontitis
Periodontitis is a chronic, multi-factorial inflammatory disease, caused by an inflammatory reaction by the host to a dysbiotic subgingival microflora, which can be modified by genetic and lifestyle factors, and it results in the loss of tooth-supporting apparatus, the connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone. Worldwide, periodontitis affects about 20–50% of the global population. Regeneration of lost tissues around the teeth remains a clinical challenge, especially in furcation defects of molar teeth. This research will give an overview of the outcomes of the use of different regenerative materials in the treatment of class II furcation defects in patients with periodontitis. 
  • 907
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Brain and Oral Microbiota
There is an oral microbiota of the mouth, a microbiota of the skin that has many subcategories (e.g., the armpits, nose, feet), and gut microbiota, among many others. Disruptions to these different microbiomes are increasingly becoming associated with numerous inflammatory, immune, and nervous system-related diseases by a communication pathway called the microbiome–brain axis.
  • 905
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Hypothetical Model of Clinical Remount Benefits Existing Dentures
The clinical remount procedure, which involves remounting the dentures on an articulator with interocclusal records, can effectively reduce occlusal discrepancies. This procedure can be applied not only to new dentures but also to those already in service. Performing a clinical remount on these existing dentures would enhance the oral function of the denture wearer and would enable effective and accurate correction of the accumulated errors in the jaw relationship in a stable working environment. The clinical remount procedure should be performed if a patient has poor masticatory function or occlusion-related complaints. This procedure remains an essential skill both for fabricating quality dentures and maintaining those already in service.
  • 902
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Reducing Antifungal Resistance in Dentistry with Phytotherapy
Microorganisms of fungal origin currently show resistance to the different antifungals of conventional use, which is undoubtedly altering the oral health of human beings, but there are new therapeutic possibilities such as the active principles of various natural species. In this situation, a therapeutic option of great validity could be the use of various active components that are found in different vegetable species, which is an alternative that might decrease both the side effects that are present when using conventional drugs and the resistance to different medicines
  • 898
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Peri-Implant Disease
Despite the high survival rate and success of dental implants, it has long been known that osseointegrated implants may suffer from biological complications, collectively referred to as peri-implant disease (PID).
  • 894
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Laser-Assisted Non-Surgical Treatments of Periodontitis
This entry explores the innovative use of lasers in the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis, shedding light on the advantages, effectiveness, and limitations of this approach. There has been a massive eruption of innovations and technologies to assist in the treatment of periodontal diseases over the past 30 years. The use of lasers has opened new horizons and possibilities that can enhance periodontal treatments. However, their use is not always based on validated concepts and evidence-based protocols. Hence, this entry aims to describe, summarize, and assess the available evidence on the current laser-assisted protocols in the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis. Four distinct laser-assisted approaches are addressed: (1) the use of lasers for the removal of subgingival calculus, (2) the use of lasers in photodynamic therapy/photoactivated disinfection, (3) the use of lasers in photobiomodulation therapy, and (4) the use of high-power lasers. Based on the available studies and on the current guidelines and recommendations, the use of lasers exhibits several advantages, such as the increased disinfection of periodontal pockets and the junctional epithelium and connective tissue, the removal of calculus and biofilm, and the bactericidal effect on periodontal pathogens. Moreover, photobiomodulation therapy seems to play a positive role in the management of the inflammatory process of periodontitis. Although promising, the use of lasers in the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis needs to be further investigated.
  • 893
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Teeth Damage during General Anesthesia
Dental injuries during anesthesia, especially when advanced airway management is required, represent a legal problem. Factors such as poor dental condition and excessive pressure during intubation contribute to dental damage. The maxillary central incisors are commonly affected.
  • 893
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Biodegradable Magnesium-Based Materials
Reconstruction of defects in the maxillofacial region following traumatic injuries, craniofacial deformities, defects from tumor removal, or infections in the maxillofacial area represents a major challenge for surgeons. Various materials have been studied for the reconstruction of defects in the maxillofacial area. Biodegradable metals have been widely researched due to their excellent biological properties. Magnesium (Mg) and Mg-based materials have been extensively studied for tissue regeneration procedures due to biodegradability, mechanical characteristics, osteogenic capacity, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties. 
  • 890
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sarcopenia and Oral Status
Aging is accompanied by profound changes in many physiological functions, leading to a decreased ability to cope with stressors. Many changes are subtle, but can negatively affect nutrient intake, leading to overt malnutrition. Poor oral health may affect food selection and nutrient intake, leading to malnutrition and, consequently, to frailty and sarcopenia. 
  • 886
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol against Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevailing and aggressive head and neck cancers, featuring high morbidity and mortality. The available conventional treatments suffer from several adverse effects and are often inefficient in terms of their survival rates. Thus, seeking novel therapeutic agents and adjuvants is of the utmost importance for modern society. Natural polyphenolic compounds have recently emerged as promising chemopreventive and anticancer agents. Specifically, the natural compound resveratrol (RSV) has recently gained momentum for this purpose. RSV is useful for treating OSCC due to its antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and proapoptotic effects. Additionally, RSV acts against tumor cells while synergically cooperating with chemotherapeutics, overcoming drug resistance phenomena.
  • 886
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Microenvironment in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders
The microenvironment of Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) refers to the ecosystem that surrounds the potentially malignant cells. It is a complex structure comprised of cellular and non-cellular components. Cellular components include potentially malignant cells, normal epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. While the non-cellular environment is composed of molecules including cytokines and cell surface molecules, and structures such as blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. According to its multi-dimensional characteristics, the microenvironment can be categorized into the immune, metabolic, mechanical, and neural microenvironment. The microenvironment of OPMDs is closely related to carcinogenesis and cancer progression by regulating the immune response, cell metabolism, mechanical trait, and neural activity.  Meanwhile, it also undergoes extensive changes during the carcinogenesis of OPMDs and gradually develops into an immunosuppressive, acidic, and stiff one. In addition, there is a wide range of interactions among immuno–metabolic–mechanical–neural microenvironments, which regulate the carcinogenesis of OPMDs synergistically.
  • 885
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Paraprobiotics in Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy
Periodontal disease represents a progressive destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Recently, paraprobiotics are regarded as an adjunctive therapy to non-surgical periodontal therapy (Scaling and Root Planing, SRP). Paraprobiotics are defined as “inactivated microbial cells (non-viable) that confer a health benefit to the consumer" and their use for oral health deserves to be further tested. 
  • 882
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Periodontal Bifunctional Biomaterials
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease that destroys periodontal supportive tissues and eventually causes tooth loss. It is attributed to microbial and immune factors. The goal of periodontal therapy is to achieve complete alveolar bone regeneration while keeping inflammation well-controlled. To reach this goal, many single or composite biomaterials have been developed that can produce any two of the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and periodontal tissue regeneration effects, such as antibacterial and bone regeneration effects. They are called bifunctional biomaterials.
  • 880
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Nrf2 and NLRP3 in the Field of Dentistry
The functional implications of the nuclear factor E2-related factor or nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), with special attention to the NACHT (nucleotide-binding oligomerization), LRR (leucine-rich repeat), and PYD (pyrin domain) domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the field of dentistry were summarized. NLRP3 plays a crucial role in the progression of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses throughout the body. It is already known that this inflammasome is a key regulator of several systemic diseases. The initiation and activation of NLRP3 starts with the oral microbiome and its association with the pathogenesis and progression of several oral diseases, including periodontitis, periapical periodontitis, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Understanding the cellular and molecular biology of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its relationship to Nrf2 is necessary for the rationale when suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for treatment and prevention of oral inflammatory and immunological disorders.
  • 880
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dental Implants in Relation to Bone Density
Titanium has been the material of choice for dental implant fixtures due to its exceptional qualities, such as its excellent balance of rigidity and stiffness. Since zirconia is a soft-tissue-friendly material and caters to esthetic demands, it is an alternative to titanium for use in implants. Nevertheless, bone density plays a vital role in determining the material and design of implants. Compromised bone density leads to both early and late implant failures due to a lack of implant stability. 
  • 878
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Toothpaste and Surface Roughness of Resin-Contained Dental Materials
Ceramic is the most used material for esthetic restorations in fixed prosthodontics. Surface roughness, translucency, resistance to wear, and mechanical properties are the main investigated characteristics of the ceramic surface. The surface roughness is one of the factors that influenced the clinical survival of prosthetic rehabilitation, optical properties, wear of the antagonist teeth, and initiation of cracks. Different factors influenced the surface roughness of the prosthetic materials, but the effect of brushing or polishing with toothpaste or prophylactic polishing pastes could be considered as one of the factors.
  • 875
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Engineering Principles for Clinicians
As innovation and especially the advent of customized prostheses has deeply modified many surgical procedures in our discipline, it is imperative for the contemporary surgeon to become aware of the impact that the MDR will have on many aspects, including the choice of the manufacturer, the evaluation of the devices, point-of-care 3D printing labs, and medical software.
  • 874
  • 16 Dec 2021
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