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Topic Review
Local Oncogenic Effects of Gut Microbiota
The genetic and metabolomic abundance of the microbiome exemplifies that the microbiome comprises a more extensive set of genes than the entire human genome, which justifies the numerous metabolic and immunological interactions between the gut microbiota, macroorganisms and immune processes. These interactions have local and systemic impacts that can influence the pathological process of carcinogenesis.
  • 632
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in HNSCC
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an important role in the development and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). These RNAs regulate the expression of coding genes.
  • 631
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticles for Pediatric Brain Cancers
Pediatric brain tumors represent the most common types of childhood cancer and novel diagnostic and therapeutic solutions are urgently needed. Nanoparticles have been increasingly and thoroughly investigated as they show great promises as diagnostic tools and vectors for gene/drug therapy for pediatric brain cancer due to their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier.
  • 631
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
First-line Treatment of Metastatic Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are now the bedrock for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Clear cell RCC (ccRCC) represents the most common subtype of this malignancy. For ccRCC, pembrolizumab-axitinib, pembrolizumab-lenvatinib, and avelumab-axitinib or nivolumab-cabozantinib are now FDA-approved frontline options for all risk groups while nivolumab-ipilimumab is reserved for intermediate- and poor-risk groups. Monotherapy with pembrolizumab or nivolumab is a potential option for patients who are unable to take vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (VEGF)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. While outcomes have improved with the adoption of ICI therapies, many patients develop therapy-resistant disease, creating an unmet need for further investigation. The efficacy of novel therapies as well as novel combinations in the post-ICI era is unclear.
  • 631
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Collateral Effects of 131I Therapy
The most common thyroid cancer is differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) which accounts for over 95% of cases. A suitable choice for the treatment of DTC is systemic administration of sodium 131 or potassium iodide. It is an effective tool used for irradiation of thyroid residues, microscopic DTCs, other unresectable or incompletely resectable DTCs, or for all purposes mentioned.
  • 631
  • 26 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Recurrent Prostate Cancer after Radical Prostatectomy
The main prostate cancer (PCa) treatments include surgery or radiotherapy (with or without ADT). None of the suggested treatments eliminates the risk of lymph node metastases. Conventional imaging methods, including MRI and CT scanning, are not sensitive enough for the diagnosis of lymph node metastases; the novel imaging method, PSMA PET/CT scanning, has provided valuable information about the pelvic LN involvement in patients with recurrent PCa (RPCa) after radical prostatectomy.
  • 631
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
PET/MRI in Cervical Cancer
Early detection of gynecological malignancies is vital for patient management and prolonging the patient’s survival. Molecular imaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography, has been increasingly utilized in gynecological malignancies. PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables the assessment of gynecological malignancies by combining the metabolic information of PET with the anatomical and functional information from MRI. Cervical cancer is one of the tumors that demonstrate heterogeneity to hypoxia. PET/MRI has been established to assess the tumor response in cervical cancer, and its capability is questionable in the case of ovarian tumors.
  • 631
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Biological Understandings of Pathogenesis
The biology underlying development of myeloid sarcomas (MS) remains poorly defined with no clear molecular determinants. Biological features such as cytogenetic changes, molecular abnormalities, and cell surface marker expression are not consistent across studies. Myeloid sarcomas (MS), commonly referred to as chloromas, are extramedullary tumors of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with varying incidence and influence on outcomes. Pediatric MS has both a higher incidence and unique clinical presentation, cytogenetic profile, and set of risk factors compared to adult patients. The development of MS appears to require leukemia mobilization/release from the marrow environment, tissue invasion, and further changes leading to a tumor/mass phenotype.
  • 631
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Transmembrane Protease Serine 2 in Prostate Cancer
The abundant expression of TMPRSS2 is evident in normal prostatic tissue. Different endogenous substrates of TMRPSS2 have been identified, including the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) the protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), as well as other serine protease-like zymogens, such as kallikrein-2 (KLK2), suggesting its potential contribution to prostate homeostasis and its plausible involvement in male fertility. The TMPRSS2:ERG fusion is considered relevant to prostate cancer, but its association with the development and progression as well as its clinical significance have not been fully elucidated. 
  • 631
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
ALK-Targeted Therapies in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)+ Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), affecting about 5% of cases, is characterized by a mutation in the ALK gene, leading to poor life expectancy and a high risk of brain metastases. Unmet needs in metastatic NSCLC include the development of treatments that improve survival, reduce toxicity, and effectively address brain metastases. Evaluating Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ALK inhibitors in advanced NSCLC highlights their unique effectiveness and safety profiles. Crizotinib exhibits notable benefits regarding progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR); however, multiple studies consistently position alectinib as the superior option. Alectinib distinguishes itself with extended PFS, increased central nervous system (CNS) activity, and excellent patient-reported outcomes.
  • 630
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Novel Advances in Treatment of Meningiomas
Meningiomas are extra-axial, slow-growing, and (usually) benign tumors. These tumors arise from meningothelial cells of the arachnoid layer, so they can be encountered anywhere this type of cell is localized.
  • 630
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers for Urothelial Carcinoma Diagnosis
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most frequent malignancy of the urinary system and is ranked the sixth most diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Around 70–75% of newly diagnosed UC manifests as the non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) subtype, which can be treated by a transurethral resection of the tumor. However, patients require life-long monitoring due to its high rate of recurrence. The current gold standard for UC diagnosis, prognosis, and disease surveillance relies on a combination of cytology and cystoscopy, which is invasive, costly, and associated with comorbidities. Hence, there is considerable interest in the development of highly specific and sensitive urinary biomarkers for the non-invasive early detection of UC. In this review, we assess the performance of current diagnostic assays for UC and highlight some of the most promising biomarkers investigated to date. We also highlight some of the recent advances in single-cell technologies that may offer a paradigm shift in the field of UC biomarker discovery and precision diagnostics.
  • 629
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Genetics and Transcriptomics of Melanoma Metastasis
Melanoma is a deadly skin cancer with rapidly increasing incidence worldwide. The progression from melanomagenesis to metastasis is known to differ between the various subtypes of melanoma, which are defined by their disparate clinical, histopathologic, and genetic features.
  • 629
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Association between K+ Channels and Gynecological Cancers
Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that allow the passage of ions through the plasma membrane and participate in diverse biological functions, from regulating the membrane potential to promoting signal transduction, contraction, and secretion, among many others. The potassium channel family is the most widely distributed group of ion channels, composed of dimers or tetrameric integral membrane proteins that regulate the flux of potassium ions. They are divided into four families based on the classification of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR): (i) voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv) encoded by forty genes in twelve subfamilies, (ii) inwardly rectifying K+ channels, (Kir) encoded by fifteen genes classified in seven subfamilies, (iii) calcium- and sodium-activated potassium channels (KCa, KNa) encoded by eight genes in five subfamilies, and (iv) two-pore domain K+ channels (K2P) encoded by fifteen genes in six subfamilies. Potassium channels are aberrantly expressed in different cancer cell lines and cancer tissues, and there is mounting evidence that supports the association of potassium channels with the hallmarks of cancer, including cell proliferation, invasion, and migration; in accordance, blocking or suppressing their expression or activity has antineoplastic features in different types of tumors in both, in vitro and in vivo studies, strongly suggesting them as candidates for targeted therapy.
  • 629
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Neurologic Complications of Cancer Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. As it is increasingly introduced into routine clinical practice, immune-related complications have become more frequent. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential, with the goal of reduced patient morbidity. Under physiological circumstances, immune checkpoints play a role in the maintenance of self-tolerance; the dysregulation of these pathways by cancers is thought to be an important mechanism of immune evasion. The most widely studied immune checkpoint inhibitors are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) inhibitors and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors.
  • 629
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Omics Approaches to Uncover Breast Cancer Alterations
Breast cancer (BC) has about 2.26 million new cases and has caused nearly 685,000 deaths worldwide in the 2020-2022, making it the most common diagnosed cancer type in the world. BC are intricate ecosystems formed by both the tumor microenvironment and malignant cells and its heterogeneity impacts on the response to treatment. Biomedical research has entered the era of massive omics data thanks to the high-throughput sequencing revolution, quick progress and widespread adoption. These technologies—liquid biopsy, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, pharmaco-omics and Artificially Intelligence imaging—could help researchers and clinicians to better understand the formation and evolution of BC.
  • 629
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression in Secondary Care
Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) represents an oncological emergency and clinicians should be aware of the potential long-term neurological impact. Urgent diagnosis and treatment is still challenging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the whole spine is the imaging method of choice that should be carried out within 24 h of clinical suspicion. Steroid therapy is administered immediately after the establishment of diagnosis, followed by definitive treatment, which may include any combination of surgery and/or radiotherapy (RT). Treatment should ideally be initiated within 24 h of the confirmed MSCC. Trainees require further teaching to improve their knowledge. Equally, oncological patients should be aware of the signs and symptoms of MSCC in order to optimise early detection.
  • 629
  • 30 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Structural Aspects of LIMK Pharmacology
The cellular actin cytoskeleton is a permanent construction site. Its filaments constantly grow or shrink, form branches, or get disrupted, attach to membranes or to cargo vesicles.
  • 629
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Management Based on Staging Systems
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer-related deaths in both sexes globally and presents different clinical outcomes that are described by a range of genomic and epigenomic alterations. Despite the advancements in CRC screening plans and treatment strategies, the prognosis of CRC is dismal. In the last two decades, molecular biomarkers predictive of prognosis have been identified in CRC, although biomarkers predictive of treatment response are only available for specific biological drugs used in stage IV CRC. The CRC staging system is based on the TNM (T—primary tumor, N—regional lymph nodes’ status, and M—distant metastases) staging system.
  • 628
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Somatostatin in Colorectal Cancer
Somatostatin, a somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SST, SRIF), is a widely distributed multifunctional cyclic peptide and acts through a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor (SST1-SST5). Over the past decades, research has begun to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of this hormonal peptide.
  • 628
  • 13 Mar 2024
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