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Topic Review
Dll4 and Toll-like Receptors in Cancer Development
Dll4 inhibition regulates cancer stem cells frequency and suspends tumor growth. Dll4 overexpression has proven to be implicated in cancer development by promoting tumor growth.
  • 641
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Omic Biomarkers in Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is among the most aggressive types of cancer, having caused over 495,000 deaths worldwide in 2020, with increasing annual incidence. Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are protrusions found within or on the surface of the pancreas, and in many cases have the potential to become malignant. Current methods of characterising PCLs are imperfect and there is a profound need for improved diagnostic algorithms. This review highlights the importance of biological markers in the context of PCLs and PC, with a focus on ‘omics’-related work. Successful integration of different ‘omics’ data could aid in the identification of a novel integrated biomarker profile for the risk stratification of patients with PCLs and PC.
  • 640
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Pancreatic Metastases in Renal Carcinoma
In metastatic renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic metastases can appear in two clinical manifestations: (a) very rarely as isolated pancreatic metastases and (b) in the context with multi-organ metastatic disease. Both courses are characterised by rare, unusual clinical features.
  • 640
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Venetoclax and Hypomethylating Agent Combination in Myeloid Malignancies
There has been a widespread adoption of hypomethylating agents (HMA: 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza)/decitabine) and venetoclax (Ven) for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); however, the mechanisms behind the combination’s synergy are poorly understood. Monotherapy often encounters resistance, leading to suboptimal outcomes; however, the combination of HMA and Ven has demonstrated substantial improvements in treatment responses.
  • 640
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Locally Advanced/Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer
Risk stratification has been conducted by various research groups and guidelines. Cases with a high risk of recurrence are defined as “high-risk PC”; however, because of the heterogeneity in prognosis among these cases, they have been further subdivided into “very high-risk PC”. Oligometastasis is considered as a metastatic carcinoma that lies between locally advanced carcinoma and widely metastatic carcinoma, and it should be treated separately from both in terms of prognosis and treatment. 
  • 640
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Characterizations of Gynecologic Carcinosarcomas
Carcinosarcomas are biphasic tumors composed of an epithelial component and a mesenchymal component. These most commonly arise from the uterus or ovary but can arise from other organs as well, such as the lung or breast. Gynecologic carcinosarcomas are rare but aggressive, comprising less than 5% of uterine and ovarian cancers. However, relative to other high-grade uterine cancers, survival outcomes are much worse. The same is true for ovarian carcinosarcomas relative to high-grade serous ovarian cancers, even when matched for clinical stages.
  • 639
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Betulinic Acid in Cancer Chemoprevention
The pursual of novel anticancer molecules from natural sources has gained worthwhile appreciation, and a significant fraction of conceptual knowledge has revolutionized people's understanding about heterogeneous nature of cancer. Betulinic acid has fascinated interdisciplinary researchers due to its tremendous pharmacological properties. Ground-breaking discoveries have unraveled previously unprecedented empirical proof-of-concept about momentous chemopreventive role of betulinic acid against carcinogenesis and metastasis. Deregulation of cell signaling pathways has been reported to play a linchpin role in cancer progression and colonization of metastatically competent cancer cells to the distant organs for the development of secondary tumors. Importantly, betulinic acid has demonstrated unique properties to mechanistically modulate oncogenic transduction cascades.
  • 639
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Local Oncogenic Effects of Gut Microbiota
The genetic and metabolomic abundance of the microbiome exemplifies that the microbiome comprises a more extensive set of genes than the entire human genome, which justifies the numerous metabolic and immunological interactions between the gut microbiota, macroorganisms and immune processes. These interactions have local and systemic impacts that can influence the pathological process of carcinogenesis.
  • 639
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
HER Tyrosine Kinases in Rhabdomyosarcoma
EGFR is highly expressed by embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) tumors and cell lines, in some cases contributing to tumor growth. If not mutated, HER2 is not directly involved in control of RMS cell growth but can be expressed at significant levels, with a slight prevalence for alveolar RMS (ARMS). A minority of ERMS carries a HER2 mutation with driving activity on tumor growth. HER3 is frequently overexpressed by RMS and can play a role in the residual myogenic differentiation ability and in resistance to signaling-directed therapy. HER family members could be exploited for therapeutic approaches in two ways: blocking with antibodies or inhibitors the HER member driving tumor growth and targeting expressed HER members to vehiculate toxins or immune effectors.
  • 638
  • 04 Oct 2021
Topic Review
HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer
Immunotherapy approaches for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are rapidly advancing. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as a causative agent in a subset of oropharyngeal cancers (OPC). HPV-positive OPC comprises a distinct clinical and pathologic disease entity and has a unique immunophenotype. Immunotherapy with anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitors has exhibited improved outcomes for patients with advanced HNSCC, irrespective of HPV status. To date, the clinical management of HPV-positive HNSCC and HPV-negative HNSCC has been identical, despite differences in the tumor antigens, immune microenvironment, and immune signatures of these two biologically distinct tumor types. Numerous clinical trials are underway to further refine the application of immunotherapy and develop new immunotherapy approaches. The aim of this entry is to highlight the developing role of immunotherapy in HPV-positive HNSCC along with the clinical evidence and preclinical scientific rationale behind emerging therapeutic approaches, with emphasis on promising HPV-specific immune activators that exploit the universal presence of foreign, non-self tumor antigens.
  • 638
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticles for Pediatric Brain Cancers
Pediatric brain tumors represent the most common types of childhood cancer and novel diagnostic and therapeutic solutions are urgently needed. Nanoparticles have been increasingly and thoroughly investigated as they show great promises as diagnostic tools and vectors for gene/drug therapy for pediatric brain cancer due to their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier.
  • 638
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Drug Delievery for Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal intrinsic brain tumor. Drug delivery to glioblastoma is challenging because of the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of the tumor, its infiltrative nature, and the blood–brain barrier (BBB). There are several applications of convection-enhanced delivery (CED), controlled-release systems, nanomaterial systems, peptide-based therapeutics, and focused ultrasound for drug delivery to GBM
  • 638
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Collateral Effects of 131I Therapy
The most common thyroid cancer is differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) which accounts for over 95% of cases. A suitable choice for the treatment of DTC is systemic administration of sodium 131 or potassium iodide. It is an effective tool used for irradiation of thyroid residues, microscopic DTCs, other unresectable or incompletely resectable DTCs, or for all purposes mentioned.
  • 638
  • 26 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Structural Aspects of LIMK Pharmacology
The cellular actin cytoskeleton is a permanent construction site. Its filaments constantly grow or shrink, form branches, or get disrupted, attach to membranes or to cargo vesicles.
  • 637
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
First-line Treatment of Metastatic Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are now the bedrock for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Clear cell RCC (ccRCC) represents the most common subtype of this malignancy. For ccRCC, pembrolizumab-axitinib, pembrolizumab-lenvatinib, and avelumab-axitinib or nivolumab-cabozantinib are now FDA-approved frontline options for all risk groups while nivolumab-ipilimumab is reserved for intermediate- and poor-risk groups. Monotherapy with pembrolizumab or nivolumab is a potential option for patients who are unable to take vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (VEGF)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. While outcomes have improved with the adoption of ICI therapies, many patients develop therapy-resistant disease, creating an unmet need for further investigation. The efficacy of novel therapies as well as novel combinations in the post-ICI era is unclear.
  • 637
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Recurrent Prostate Cancer after Radical Prostatectomy
The main prostate cancer (PCa) treatments include surgery or radiotherapy (with or without ADT). None of the suggested treatments eliminates the risk of lymph node metastases. Conventional imaging methods, including MRI and CT scanning, are not sensitive enough for the diagnosis of lymph node metastases; the novel imaging method, PSMA PET/CT scanning, has provided valuable information about the pelvic LN involvement in patients with recurrent PCa (RPCa) after radical prostatectomy.
  • 637
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Transmembrane Protease Serine 2 in Prostate Cancer
The abundant expression of TMPRSS2 is evident in normal prostatic tissue. Different endogenous substrates of TMRPSS2 have been identified, including the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) the protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), as well as other serine protease-like zymogens, such as kallikrein-2 (KLK2), suggesting its potential contribution to prostate homeostasis and its plausible involvement in male fertility. The TMPRSS2:ERG fusion is considered relevant to prostate cancer, but its association with the development and progression as well as its clinical significance have not been fully elucidated. 
  • 637
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Somatostatin in Colorectal Cancer
Somatostatin, a somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SST, SRIF), is a widely distributed multifunctional cyclic peptide and acts through a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor (SST1-SST5). Over the past decades, research has begun to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of this hormonal peptide.
  • 637
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Association between K+ Channels and Gynecological Cancers
Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that allow the passage of ions through the plasma membrane and participate in diverse biological functions, from regulating the membrane potential to promoting signal transduction, contraction, and secretion, among many others. The potassium channel family is the most widely distributed group of ion channels, composed of dimers or tetrameric integral membrane proteins that regulate the flux of potassium ions. They are divided into four families based on the classification of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR): (i) voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv) encoded by forty genes in twelve subfamilies, (ii) inwardly rectifying K+ channels, (Kir) encoded by fifteen genes classified in seven subfamilies, (iii) calcium- and sodium-activated potassium channels (KCa, KNa) encoded by eight genes in five subfamilies, and (iv) two-pore domain K+ channels (K2P) encoded by fifteen genes in six subfamilies. Potassium channels are aberrantly expressed in different cancer cell lines and cancer tissues, and there is mounting evidence that supports the association of potassium channels with the hallmarks of cancer, including cell proliferation, invasion, and migration; in accordance, blocking or suppressing their expression or activity has antineoplastic features in different types of tumors in both, in vitro and in vivo studies, strongly suggesting them as candidates for targeted therapy.
  • 637
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Genetics and Transcriptomics of Melanoma Metastasis
Melanoma is a deadly skin cancer with rapidly increasing incidence worldwide. The progression from melanomagenesis to metastasis is known to differ between the various subtypes of melanoma, which are defined by their disparate clinical, histopathologic, and genetic features.
  • 636
  • 11 Jan 2022
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