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Topic Review
DNA Repair Proteins in Cancer Stem-Cell
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a tumor cell population maintaining tumor growth and promoting tumor relapse if not wholly eradicated during treatment. CSCs are often equipped with molecular mechanisms making them resistant to conventional anti-cancer therapies whose curative potential depends on DNA damage-induced cell death. 
  • 751
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Systems Biology Findings and Applications in Asthma
Asthma is one of the most common and lifelong and chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway obstruction episodes. It is a heterogeneous disease of varying and overlapping phenotypes with many confounding factors playing a role in disease susceptibility and management. Such multifactorial disorders will benefit from using systems biology as a strategy to elucidate molecular insights from complex, quantitative, massive clinical, and biological data that will help to understand the underlying disease mechanism, early detection, and treatment planning.
  • 751
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cell
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been studied using multiple technical approaches for interrogating various cancers, as they allow for the real-time assessment of tumor progression, disease recurrence, treatment response, and tumor molecular profiling without the need for a tumor tissue biopsy.
  • 750
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Antigen Presentation and Autophagy in Teleost Adaptive Immunity
Infectious diseases are a burden for aquaculture. Antigen processing and presentation (APP) to the immune effector cells that fight pathogens is key in the adaptive immune response. At the core of the adaptive immunity that appeared in lower vertebrates during evolution are the variable genes encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I molecules mainly present peptides processed in the cytosol by the proteasome and transported to the cell surface of all cells through secretory compartments. Professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPC) also express MHC class II molecules, which normally present peptides processed from exogenous antigens through lysosomal pathways. Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradation process that is conserved in all eukaryotes and is induced by starvation to contribute to cellular homeostasis. Self-digestion during autophagy mainly occurs by the fusion of autophagosomes, which engulf portions of cytosol and fuse with lysosomes (macroautophagy) or assisted by chaperones (chaperone-mediated autophagy, CMA) that deliver proteins to lysosomes. Thus, during self-degradation, antigens can be processed to be presented by the MHC to immune effector cells, thus, linking autophagy to APP.
  • 750
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Lipidic Metabolism in Cancer
Altered cellular metabolism is a well-established hallmark of cancer. Although most studies have focused on the metabolism of glucose and glutamine, the upregulation of lipid metabolism is also frequent in cells undergoing oncogenic transformation. In fact, cancer cells need to meet the enhanced demand of plasma membrane synthesis and energy production to support their proliferation. Moreover, lipids are precursors of signaling molecules, termed lipid mediators, which play a role in shaping the tumor microenvironment. 
  • 749
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Membrane Transporters Involved in Iron Trafficking
Iron is an essential transition metal for its involvement in several crucial biological functions, the most notable being oxygen storage and transport. Due to its high reactivity and potential toxicity, intracellular and extracellular iron levels must be tightly regulated. This is achieved through transport systems that mediate cellular uptake and efflux both at the level of the plasma membrane and on the membranes of lysosomes, endosomes and mitochondria.
  • 749
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated DNA/RNA Binding Proteins
DNA and RNA binding proteins (DRBPs) are a broad class of molecules that regulate numerous cellular processes across all living organisms, creating intricate dynamic multilevel networks to control nucleotide metabolism and gene expression. These interactions are highly regulated, and dysregulation contributes to the development of a variety of diseases, including cancer. 
  • 748
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Homology-Mediated Gene Editing
Homology-directed gene editing of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is a promising strategy for the treatment of inherited blood disorders, obviating many of the limitations associated with viral vector-mediated gene therapies.
  • 747
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Significance of Angiogenesis Regulating lncRNAs in Cancer
In many cancers the current staging has limitations in terms of determining prognosis. Biomarkers are critical in completing clinical staging and improving the prediction of lymph node metastasis as well as in determining cancer prognosis. Several long noncoding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) are over-expressed in various cancer cell lines, as well as in preclinical cancer models and patients. These lncRNAs have been explored for possible clinical application as biomarkers and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
  • 747
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Molybdoenzymes-Dependent Nitric Oxide Formation
Nitric oxide radical (NO) is a signalling molecule involved in several physiological and pathological processes and a new nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway has emerged as a physiological salvage pathway that operates under challenging conditions, when the "classic" L-arginine-dependent NO synthases are hindered. To catalyse the reduction of nitrite to NO, mammalian cells can use different metalloproteins that are present in cells to perform other functions (moonlighting). Among the so far identified ''non-dedicated nitrite reductases'', the molybdenum-containing enzymes stand out as very efficient NO synthases due to their well know ability to catalyse oxygen atom transfer reactions.
  • 747
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oleanolic Acid as Modulators of Metabolic Nuclear Receptors
Nuclear receptors (NRs) constitute a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors with a paramount role in ubiquitous physiological functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Owing to their physiological role and druggability, NRs are deemed attractive and valid targets for medicinal chemists. Pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) represent one of the most important phytochemical classes present in higher plants, where oleanolic acid (OA) is the most studied PTs representative owing to its multitude of biological activities against cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and liver injury.
  • 747
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Droplets Accumulation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous dynamic organelles composed of a core of esterified neutral lipids, such as fatty acids (FAs), triacylglycerols (TAGs), cholesterol and other sterol esters, retinyl esters, and ceramides esterified into acyl ceramides, enclosed by a phospholipid monolayer enriched in several proteins and then packaged by intermediate filament vimentin.
  • 747
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Bisphenol A and Obesity
Lines of evidence have shown the embryogenic and transgenerational impact of bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, on immune-metabolic alterations, inflammation, and oxidative stress, while BPA toxic effects in adult obese mice are still overlooked. Here, we evaluate BPA’s worsening effect on several hepatic maladaptive processes associated to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. After 12 weeks HFD feeding, C57Bl/6J male mice were exposed daily to BPA (50 μg/kg per os) along with HFD for 3 weeks. Glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism were examined in serum and/or liver. Hepatic oxidative damage (reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes), and mitochondrial respiratory capacity were evaluated. Moreover, liver damage progression and inflammatory/immune response were determined by histological and molecular analysis. BPA amplified HFD-induced alteration of key factors involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, liver triglycerides accumulation, and worsened mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress and reducing antioxidant defense. The exacerbation by BPA of hepatic immune-metabolic dysfunction induced by HFD was shown by increased toll-like receptor-4 and its downstream pathways (i.e., NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome) amplifying inflammatory cytokine transcription and promoting fibrosis progression.
  • 746
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
PPARs and Mycobacterial Infection
The mycobacterial cell wall is composed of large amounts of lipids with varying moieties. Some mycobacteria species hijack host cells and promote lipid droplet accumulation to build the cellular environment essential for their intracellular survival. Thus, lipids are thought to be important for mycobacteria survival as well as for the invasion, parasitization, and proliferation within host cells. However, their physiological roles have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies have revealed that mycobacteria modulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling and utilize host-derived triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol as both nutrient sources and evasion from the host immune system.
  • 746
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Circadian Clock Gene Polymorphisms and Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardio-metabolic risk factors and comorbidities, including central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. In addition, different studies have shown that the disturbances in circadian rhythm are connected with components of metabolic syndrome. Circadian rhythm is the central regulator of every aspect of human health and metabolism, and metabolic homeostasis is essential in regulating energy metabolism, especially in adipose tissue. 
  • 746
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Human Cell Models of Disease
Neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, are collectively a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Altered mitochondrial function has been implicated in nearly all of these diseases. A variety of cultured cell models have been used to study these diseases including lymphocyte cells immortalized with Epstein Barr Virus. These cell models have been useful in deciphering the role of the mitochondria in these disorders.
  • 744
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
SHED-Dependent Oncogenic Signaling of the PEAK3 Pseudo-Kinase
The human kinome is composed of about 50 pseudo-kinases with unclear function, because they are predicted to be catalytically inactive; however, they are shown to play an important role in cancer, similar to active kinases. Understanding how these pseudo-kinases promote tumor formation despite their catalytic inactivity is a great challenge, which may lead to innovative anti-cancer therapies. The PEAK1 and 2 pseudo-kinases have emerged as important components of the protein tyrosine kinase pathway implicated in cancer progression. They can signal using a scaffolding mechanism via a conserved split helical dimerization (SHED) module.
  • 744
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
From Mitochondria to Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, mainly cholesterol, and other components, such as fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin within the arterial wall.
  • 742
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hydrogen Sulfide and Polysulfide Signaling
We discovered H2S as a signaling molecule which is produced by enzymes to modulate the synaptic transmission and relax vasculature. The cytoprotective effect, anti-inflammatory activity, energy formation, and oxygen sensing by H2S have been subsequently demonstrated. Two additional pathways for the production of H2S with 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) from l- and d-cysteine have been identified. We also discovered that hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn, n ≥ 2) are potential signaling molecules produced by 3MST. H2Sn regulate the activity of ion channels and enzymes, as well as even the growth of tumors. S-Sulfuration (S-sulfhydration) proposed by Snyder is the main mechanism for H2S/H2Sn underlying regulation of the activity of target proteins. 
  • 742
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Exosomal Circular RNAs in Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine tumor. The genetic and epigenetic molecular alterations of TC have become more evident in recent years. However, a deeper understanding of the roles these molecular changes play in TC tumorigenesis and progression is essential in developing a successful treatment strategy and improving patients’ prognoses. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a family of non-coding RNAs, have been implicated in several aspects of carcinogenesis in multiple cancers, including TC. 
  • 742
  • 08 Oct 2022
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