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Topic Review
Processing Technology of Thermoplastic-Bonded Wood-Based Panels
When thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) are selected as wood adhesives to bond wood by using the hot-pressing technique, the formaldehyde emission issue that has long existed in the wood-based panel industry can be effectively solved. Thermoplastic bonded wood-based panels presented relatively higher mechanical properties, better water resistance and machinability than the conventional urea-formaldehyde resin bonded wood-based panels. Compared with the wood-plastic composites manufactured by extruding or injection-molding methods, thermoplastic bonded wood-based panels have the advantages of larger size, wider raw material range and higher production efficiency. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Junctophilin1 and Junctophilin2 in Assembly of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Contraction of striated muscle is triggered by a massive release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) into the cytoplasm. This intracellular calcium release is initiated by membrane depolarization, which is sensed by voltage-gated calcium channels CaV1.1 (in skeletal muscle) and CaV1.2 (in cardiac muscle) in the plasma membrane (PM), which in turn activate the calcium-releasing channel ryanodine receptor (RyR) embedded in the SR membrane. This cross-communication between channels in the PM and in the SR happens at specialized regions, the SR-PM junctions, where these two compartments come in close proximity. Junctophilin1 and Junctophilin2 are responsible for the formation and stabilization of SR-PM junctions in striated muscle and actively participate in the recruitment of the two essential players in intracellular calcium release, CaV and RyR. 
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hypothecation
Hypothecation is the practice where a debtor pledges collateral to secure a debt or as a condition precedent to the debt, or a third party pledges collateral for the debtor. A letter of hypothecation is the usual instrument for carrying out the pledge. A common example occurs when a debtor enters into a mortgage agreement, in which the debtor's house becomes collateral until the mortgage loan is paid off. The debtor retains ownership of the collateral, but the creditor has the right to seize ownership if the debtor defaults. The main purpose of hypothecation is to mitigate the creditor's credit risk. If the debtor cannot pay, the creditor possesses the collateral and therefore can claim its ownership, sell it and thus compensate the lacking cash inflows. In a default of the obligor without previous hypothecation, the creditor cannot be sure that it can seize sufficient assets of the debtor. Because hypothecation makes it easier to get the debt and potentially decreases its price; the debtor wants to hypothecate as much debt as possible – but the isolation of 'good assets' for the collateral reduces the quality of the rest of the debtor's balance sheet and thus its credit worthiness. The detailed practice and rules regulating hypothecation vary depending on context and on the jurisdiction where it takes place. In the US, the legal right for the creditor to take ownership of the collateral if the debtor defaults is classified as a lien. Rehypothecation occurs mainly in the financial markets, where financial firms re-use the collateral to secure their own borrowing. For the creditor the collateral not only mitigates the credit risk but also allows refinancing more easily or at lower rates; in an initial hypothecation contract however, the debtor can restrict such re-use of the collateral.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Mineral-Enriched Postbiotics
Postbiotics are non-viable probiotic preparations that confer a health benefit on the host. Scientific literature has proved that postbiotics have health-promoting features and technological advantages compared to probiotics, augmenting their full potential application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Budapest School (Lukács)
The Budapest School (Hungarian: Budapesti iskola; German: Budapester Schule) was a school of thought, originally of Marxist humanism, but later of Post-Marxism and dissident Liberalism that emerged in Hungary in the early 1960s, belonging to so called Hungarian New Left. Its members were students or colleagues of Georg Lukács. The school was originally oriented towards developing Lukacs' later works on social ontology and aesthetics, but quickly began to challenge the paradigm of Lukacsian-Marxism, thus reconstructing contemporary critical theory. Most of the members later came to abandon Marxism. The School also critiqued the "dictatorship over needs" of the Soviet states. Most of the members were forced into exile by the pro-Soviet Hungarian government. In a letter to the Times Literary Supplement of February 15, 1971, Georg Lukács drew attention to “The Budapest School of Marxism,” and helped attract attention to the school from Western Marxism. Members of the school include Ágnes Heller, Ferenc Fehér (hu), György Márkus, István Mészáros, Mihály Vajda and Maria Márkus, among others. The Budapest School's writings have been read and researched widely since the 1960s.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
High-Fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics for Wind Turbines
The design and development of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) is an attractive issue in the wind energy harvesting field. The FOWTs are considered more cost-effective than bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines in commercial operation with the significant technology advancements. However, several key factors for the design of FOWTs remain in need of more attention and effort. One of the key factors is the strong interaction between the wind turbine and floating platform. Unlike the bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines, the aerodynamics of FOWTs exhibits significant unsteady characteristics due to the floating platform motions excited by incident waves.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever
In 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19 years old. In 2013, it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia experience the greatest burden of illness. Outbreaks of typhoid fever are also frequently reported from sub-Saharan Africa and countries in Southeast Asia. In the United States, about 400 cases occur each year, and 75% of these are acquired while traveling internationally. Historically, before the antibiotic era, the case fatality rate of typhoid fever was 10–20%. Today, with prompt treatment, it is less than 1%. However, about 3–5% of individuals who are infected develop a chronic infection in the gall bladder. Since S. e. subsp. enterica is human-restricted, these chronic carriers become the crucial reservoir, which can persist for decades for further spread of the disease, further complicating the identification and treatment of the disease. Lately, the study of S. e. subsp. enterica associated with a large outbreak and a carrier at the genome level provides new insights into the pathogenesis of the pathogen. In industrialized nations, water sanitation and food handling improvements have reduced the number of cases. Developing nations, such as those found in parts of Asia and Africa, have the highest rates of typhoid fever. These areas have a lack of access to clean water, proper sanitation systems, and proper health-care facilities. For these areas, such access to basic public-health needs is not in the near future.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Savoia-Marchetti SM.81
The Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 Pipistrello (Italian: bat) was the first three-engine bomber/transport aircraft serving in the Italian Regia Aeronautica. When it appeared in 1935, it represented a real step ahead in Italian military aviation: it was fast, well armed and had a long range. It proved effective during the war with Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War. Despite being too slow to remain competitive as a bomber in the later years of World War II, it was one of the most flexible, reliable and important aircraft of the Regia Aeronautica from 1935 to 1944, and adapted to second-line duties in a wide range of tasks.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
FT-IR Spectroscopy Studies of Sphingolipids in Human Cells
Sphingolipids have attracted significant attention due to their pivotal role in cellular functions and physiological diseases. A valuable tool for investigating the characteristics of sphingolipids can be represented via Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, generally recognized as a very powerful technique that provides detailed biochemical information on the examined sample with the unique properties of sensitivity and accuracy.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Eye Tracking Technology
Eye tracking is a technique for detecting and measuring eye movements and characteristics. An eye tracker can sense a person’s gaze locations and features at a certain frequency.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Modification and Application of Bamboo-Based Materials
In light of continual societal advancement and escalating energy consumption, the pursuit of green, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly technologies has become pivotal. Bamboo, renowned for its diverse advantages encompassing swift growth, ecological compatibility, robust regenerative properties, commendable mechanical characteristics, heightened hardness, and abundant availability, has discovered applications across various domains, including furniture and construction. Nevertheless, natural bamboo materials are plagued by inherent limitations, prominently featuring suboptimal hydrophobicity and vulnerability to fracture, thereby constraining their broad-scale application. Thus, the paramount concern is to enhance the performance of bamboo materials through modification.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Advances in Non-Invasive Neuromodulation: Closed-Loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation therapy that eliminates the need for internal device implantation, presenting as a favorable therapeutic option. This method relies on electrical surface stimulation, bypassing the need for surgical procedures.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Flag Clouds in Mt.Everest
Flag clouds refer to flag-shaped stationary clouds that appear on the windward side of isolated snow-covered peaks under specific terrain conditions. By observing it, we can forecast the local weather.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Application of Machine Learning for Runoff Prediction
Water resource modeling is an important means of studying the distribution, change, utilization, and management of water resources. By establishing various models, water resources can be quantitatively described and predicted, providing a scientific basis for water resource management, protection, and planning. Traditional hydrological observation methods, often reliant on experience and statistical methods, are time-consuming and labor-intensive, frequently resulting in predictions of limited accuracy. However, machine learning technologies enhance the efficiency and sustainability of water resource modeling by analyzing extensive hydrogeological data, thereby improving predictions and optimizing water resource utilization and allocation.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Bioflavonoids for Targeting Gut Microbiome in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is known as a neurodegenerative disease caused by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and tau protein hyperphosphorylation resulting in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, activation of inflammasomes, sluggish autophagy, and neuronal loss. Several of these hallmarks are linked to alteration in the gut microbiome, also known as gut dysbiosis. Selective bioflavonoids can target gut microbiome to inhibit inflammasomes and resume autophagy to stop AD pathogenesis. Two bioflavonoids, specifically epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and genistein (GS), appear to be a new paradigm of treatment for maintaining healthy gut microbiome in AD via modulating crucial AD signaling pathways.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Ribbon Seal
The Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata) (Figure 1) is a striking marine mammal known for its distinctive ribbon-like markings and elegant appearance. Found primarily in the cold waters of the North Pacific Ocean, this species is characterized by its sleek black fur with white bands or "ribbons" encircling its body. Despite its elusive nature, the Ribbon Seal plays a vital role in marine ecosystems as a top predator, feeding primarily on fish and crustaceans.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sociology of Education
The sociology of education is a subfield of sociology that examines how educational institutions, policies, and practices shape and are shaped by social structures, cultural norms, and economic systems. It explores how education contributes to socialization, social mobility, social stratification, and the reproduction of societal inequalities. This field draws from classical sociological theories (functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism) to understand the role of education in maintaining or challenging social order. It also investigates the impact of race, class, gender, globalization, and digital technology on educational access and outcomes.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Botanical Amendments for Synthetic Nematicides
The intensification of agriculture has created concerns about soil degradation and toxicity of agricultural chemicals to non-target organisms. As a result, there is great urgency for discovering new ecofriendly tools for pest management and plant nutrition. Botanical matrices and their extracts and purified secondary metabolites have received much research interest, but time-consuming registration issues have slowed their adoption. In contrast, cultural practices such as use of plant matrices as soil amendments could be immediately used as plant protectants or organic fertilizers. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is one of the severe acute adverse effects that can be caused by the ingestion of recreational drugs, such as methcathinones. The effect of hyperthermia on neurotoxicity is currently not known. The primary aim of our study was therefore to investigate the effects of hyperthermia (40.5 °C) on the neurotoxicity of methcathinone (MC), 4-chloromethcathinone (4-CMC), and 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) in SH-SY5Y cells. We found that 4-CMC and 4-MMC were cytotoxic (decrease in cellular ATP and plasma membrane damage) under both hyper- (40.5 °C) and normothermic conditions (37 °C), whereby cells were more sensitive to the toxicants at 40.5 °C. 4-CMC and 4-MMC impaired the function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and increased mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SH-SY5Y cells, which were accentuated under hyperthermic conditions. Hyperthermia was associated with a rapid expression of the 70 kilodalton heat shock protein (Hsp70), which partially prevented cell death after 6 h of exposure to the toxicants. After 24 h of exposure, autophagy was stimulated by the toxicants and by hyperthermia but could only partially prevent cell death. In conclusion, hyperthermic conditions increased the neurotoxic properties of methcathinones despite the stimulation of protective mechanisms. These findings may be important for the understanding of the mechanisms and clinical consequences of the neurotoxicity associated with these compounds.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Multifunctional Raman Crystals
In the past few decades, the multifunctional optical crystals for all-solid-state Raman lasers have been widely studied by many scholars due to their compactness, convenience and excellent performance. In this entry, we briefly show two kinds of multifunctional Raman crystals: self-Raman (laser and Raman effects) crystals and self-frequency-doubled Raman (frequency-doubling and Raman effects) crystals. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Feb 2021
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