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HandWiki. Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36282 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36282. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36282 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 24). Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36282
HandWiki. "Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 November, 2022.
Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Medicine:Epidemiology_of_typhoid_fever

In 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19 years old. In 2013, it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia experience the greatest burden of illness. Outbreaks of typhoid fever are also frequently reported from sub-Saharan Africa and countries in Southeast Asia. In the United States, about 400 cases occur each year, and 75% of these are acquired while traveling internationally. Historically, before the antibiotic era, the case fatality rate of typhoid fever was 10–20%. Today, with prompt treatment, it is less than 1%. However, about 3–5% of individuals who are infected develop a chronic infection in the gall bladder. Since S. e. subsp. enterica is human-restricted, these chronic carriers become the crucial reservoir, which can persist for decades for further spread of the disease, further complicating the identification and treatment of the disease. Lately, the study of S. e. subsp. enterica associated with a large outbreak and a carrier at the genome level provides new insights into the pathogenesis of the pathogen. In industrialized nations, water sanitation and food handling improvements have reduced the number of cases. Developing nations, such as those found in parts of Asia and Africa, have the highest rates of typhoid fever. These areas have a lack of access to clean water, proper sanitation systems, and proper health-care facilities. For these areas, such access to basic public-health needs is not in the near future.

public-health water sanitation young adults

References

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  2. "No proof that typhoid caused the Plague of Athens (a reply to Papagrigorakis et al.)". International Journal of Infectious Diseases 10 (4): 334–5; author reply 335–6. July 2006. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2006.02.006. PMID 16730469.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijid.2006.02.006
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  13. Dr. H. Timbrell Bulstrode's report to the Local Government Board upon alleged oyster-borne enteric fever and other illness following the mayoral banquets at Winchester and Southampton, and upon enteric fever occurring simultaneously elsewhere and also ascribed to oysters. London: HMSO. 1903. p. 1. https://archive.org/stream/b24914812#page/n0/mode/2up. 
  14. "Nova: The Most Dangerous Woman in America". https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid/letter.html. 
  15. "'TYPHOID MARY' DIES OF A STROKE AT 68; Carrier of Disease, Blamed for 51 Cases and 3 Deaths, but She Was Held Immune Services This Morning Epidemic Is Traced" (in en). The New York Times. November 12, 1938. https://www.nytimes.com/1938/11/12/archives/typhoid-mary-dies-of-a-stroke-at-68-carrier-of-disease-blamed-for.html?searchResultPosition=12. 
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  17. info copied from Croydon typhoid outbreak of 1937; see that article for attribution and history
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  19. "The croydon typhoid outbreak (A Summary of the Chief Clinical Features)". Public Health 52: 135–146. October 1938. doi:10.1016/S0033-3506(38)80123-2. ISSN 0033-3506.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0033-3506%2838%2980123-2
  20. Food Poisoning, Policy, and Politics: Corned Beef and Typhoid in Britain in the 1960s. The Boydell Press. 2005. p. 13. ISBN 1-84383-138-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=gL72g21APeEC&pg=PA13. 
  21. "Croydon Epidemic Inquiry". British Medical Journal 1 (4018): 86–88. January 1938. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4019.135. PMID 20781171.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2085503
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