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Topic Review
Anti-Angiogenic Therapy in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Various anti-angiogenic agents are either being used for treatment of glioblastoma or are approved for use in other malignancies and are being explored for use in glioblastoma. The anti-angiogenic agents include monoclonal antibodies, receptor fusions proteins, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and proteasome inhibitors.
  • 646
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Prostate Cancer
Chemotherapy based on taxane-class drugs is the gold standard for treating advanced stages of various oncological diseases. Drug resistance is the result of a combination of different events in the tumor cells under the influence of the drug, a comprehensive understanding of which has yet to be determined.
  • 646
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
ALK-Targeted Therapies in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)+ Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), affecting about 5% of cases, is characterized by a mutation in the ALK gene, leading to poor life expectancy and a high risk of brain metastases. Unmet needs in metastatic NSCLC include the development of treatments that improve survival, reduce toxicity, and effectively address brain metastases. Evaluating Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ALK inhibitors in advanced NSCLC highlights their unique effectiveness and safety profiles. Crizotinib exhibits notable benefits regarding progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR); however, multiple studies consistently position alectinib as the superior option. Alectinib distinguishes itself with extended PFS, increased central nervous system (CNS) activity, and excellent patient-reported outcomes.
  • 646
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Systemic Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have several systemic treatment options. Conventional chemotherapy is almost never used for advanced-stage disease, which instead is treated with immunotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and VEGF inhibitors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting various receptors have been or are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. Ongoing trials with three-drug regimens may be the future of advanced-stage HCC treatment. Other immune-modulatory approaches of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells, bispecific antibodies, cytokine-induced killer cells, natural killer cells, and vaccines are in early-stage clinical trials. 
  • 646
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Management Based on Staging Systems
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer-related deaths in both sexes globally and presents different clinical outcomes that are described by a range of genomic and epigenomic alterations. Despite the advancements in CRC screening plans and treatment strategies, the prognosis of CRC is dismal. In the last two decades, molecular biomarkers predictive of prognosis have been identified in CRC, although biomarkers predictive of treatment response are only available for specific biological drugs used in stage IV CRC. The CRC staging system is based on the TNM (T—primary tumor, N—regional lymph nodes’ status, and M—distant metastases) staging system.
  • 645
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Surgery is the most potentially curative therapeutic option for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The five-year survival for these patients remains poor and variable, depending on the stage of disease at diagnosis, and the risk of recurrence following tumor resection is high. During the last 20 years, there has been a modest improvement in the therapeutic strategies for resectable NSCLC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), alone or in combination with chemotherapy, have become the cornerstone for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC patients. Recently, their clinical development has been shifted in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings where they have demonstrated remarkable efficacy, leading to improved clinical outcomes. Based on the positive results from phase III trials, ICIs have become a therapeutic option in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. On October 2021 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved atezolizumab as an adjuvant treatment following surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy for patients with NSCLC whose tumors express PD-L1 ≥ 1%. In March 2022, nivolumab in combination with platinum-doublet chemotherapy was approved for adult patients with resectable NSCLC in the neoadjuvant setting.
  • 645
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Oncogenic KRAS in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) is the most common driver in NSCLC, and targeting oncogenic KRAS is a major challenge in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The recent discovery of covalent KRAS G12C inhibitors offers hope for improving the prognosis of NSCLC patients, but the development of combination therapies corresponding to tumor characteristics is still required given the vast heterogeneity of KRAS-mutated NSCLC.
  • 644
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Tumour Heterogeneity in Gastroenteropancreatic-Neoplasms
Tumour heterogeneity is a common phenomenon in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-neoplasms (NENs) and has a negative impact on treatment success and prognosis as it produces cell clones that do not express treatment targets (i.e., SSTR, mammalian target of rapamycin–mTOR- signalling pathway, Ki-67).
  • 644
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Regulation and Oncogenic Functions of TSPAN8
Tetraspanins, a superfamily of small integral membrane proteins, are characterized by four transmembrane domains and conserved protein motifs that are configured into a unique molecular topology and structure in the plasma membrane. They act as key organizers of the plasma membrane, orchestrating the formation of specialized microdomains called “tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs)” or “tetraspanin nanodomains” that are essential for mediating diverse biological processes. TSPAN8 is one of the earliest identified tetraspanin members. It is known to interact with a wide range of molecular partners in different cellular contexts and regulate diverse molecular and cellular events at the plasma membrane, including cell adhesion, migration, invasion, signal transduction, and exosome biogenesis. The functions of cell-surface TSPAN8 are governed by ER targeting, modifications at the Golgi apparatus and dynamic trafficking. Intriguingly, limited evidence shows that TSPAN8 can translocate to the nucleus to act as a transcriptional regulator. The transcription of TSPAN8 is tightly regulated and restricted to defined cell lineages, where it can serve as a molecular marker of stem/progenitor cells in certain normal tissues as well as tumors. 
  • 644
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are a rare group of cancers accounting for about 1–2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. About 10% of pNETs arise within endocrine tumor syndromes, such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). pNETs affect 30–80% of MEN1 patients, manifesting prevalently as multiple microadenomas. pNETs in patients with MEN1 are particularly difficult to treat due to differences in their growth potential, their multiplicity, the frequent requirement of extensive surgery, the high rate of post-operative recurrences, and the concomitant development of other tumors. MEN1 syndrome is caused by germinal heterozygote inactivating mutation of the MEN1 gene, encoding the menin tumor suppressor protein. MEN1-related pNETs develop following the complete loss of function of wild-type menin. Menin is a key regulator of endocrine cell plasticity and its loss in these cells is sufficient for tumor initiation. Somatic biallelic loss of wild-type menin in the neuroendocrine pancreas presumably alters the epigenetic control of gene expression, mediated by histone modifications and DNA hypermethylation, as a driver of MEN1-associated pNET tumorigenesis. In this light, epigenetic-based therapies aimed to correct the altered DNA methylation, and/or histone modifications might be a possible therapeutic strategy for MEN1 pNETs, for whom standard treatments fail.
  • 643
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are a diverse group of tumors mainly arising from the diffuse endocrine cells derived from the neural crest. These tumors have a complex clinical and biological behavior, which varies depending on the place of origin, the hormone production, and the histological differentiation
  • 643
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nrf2 in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic tumors are a serious health problem with a 7% mortality rate worldwide. Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress play important roles in the development of pancreatic diseases/cancer. To maintain homeostasis, a balance between free radicals and the antioxidant system is essential. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2/NFE2L2 (Nrf2) and its negative regulator Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) provide substantial protection against damage induced by oxidative stress, and a growing body of evidence points to the canonical and noncanonical Nrf2 signaling pathway as a pharmacological target in the treatment of pancreatic diseases.
  • 643
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
BRCA Mutations in Ovarian and Prostate Cancer
DNA damage is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) —especially the high-grade serous subtype—harbors a defect in at least one DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. Defective DDR results from a variety of lesions affecting homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) for double strand breaks, base excision repair (BER), and nucleotide excision repair (NER) for single strand breaks and mismatch repair (MMR). Apart from the EOC, mutations in the DDR genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are common in prostate cancer as well. Among them, BRCA2 lesions are found in 12% of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers, but very rarely in primary prostate cancer. Better understanding of the DDR pathways is essential in order to optimize the therapeutic choices, and has led to the design of biomarker-driven clinical trials. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are now a standard therapy for EOC patients, and more recently have been approved for the metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with alterations in DDR genes. They are particularly effective in tumours with HR deficiency.
  • 643
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Novel Advances in Treatment of Meningiomas
Meningiomas are extra-axial, slow-growing, and (usually) benign tumors. These tumors arise from meningothelial cells of the arachnoid layer, so they can be encountered anywhere this type of cell is localized.
  • 643
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
RCC Metastatic to the Brain
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of primary cancers that frequently metastasize to the brain.
  • 642
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prominent health issue with an increasing rate of worldwide occurrence. In 2020, HCC accounted for 906,000 new cases and 830,000 new deaths, making it the third greatest cause of cancer death. Liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis, often result in the development of inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis, and subsequent regeneration, which will injure and alter the organization of the liver tissues, contributing to HCC prognosis. The main risk factors include hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), alcohol use disorder, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • 642
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
PD-L1 Immunohistochemical Expression and Cutaneous Melanoma
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a highly aggressive type of skin cancer with a high mortality rate.
  • 642
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immunotherapy Response in Lymphoma Patients
Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy both for solid and hematologic tumors, such as in Hodgkin (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In particular, immune-checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, are increasingly used for the treatment of refractory/relapsed HL. At the same time, evidence of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell immunotherapy efficacy mostly in NHL is growing. In this setting, the challenge is to identify an appropriate imaging method to evaluate immunotherapy response.  The role of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), especially in early evaluation, is under investigation in order to guide therapeutic strategies, taking into account the possible atypical responses (hyperprogression and pseudoprogression) and immune-related adverse events that could appear on PET images.
  • 641
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
EZH2 and Endometrial Cancer Development
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a core component of polycomb repressive complex 2, plays an important role in cancer development. As both oncogenic and tumor suppressive functions of EZH2 have been documented in the literature, the objective of this study is to determine the impact of Ezh2 deletion on the development and progression of endometrial cancer induced by inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a tumor suppressor gene frequently dysregulated in endometrial cancer patients.
  • 641
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Infectious Diseases Associated with the Use of IMT
In the last decades, immunotherapy (IMT) added Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) as one of the most potent tools developed recently to improve traditional oncology treatment. ICI consists of using monoclonal antibodies to inhibit the immune checkpoints (IC)-ligand binding, and, consequently, the activation of the immune cells is conserved.
  • 641
  • 18 Aug 2023
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