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Topic Review
Immunotherapy Response in Lymphoma Patients
Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy both for solid and hematologic tumors, such as in Hodgkin (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In particular, immune-checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, are increasingly used for the treatment of refractory/relapsed HL. At the same time, evidence of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell immunotherapy efficacy mostly in NHL is growing. In this setting, the challenge is to identify an appropriate imaging method to evaluate immunotherapy response.  The role of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), especially in early evaluation, is under investigation in order to guide therapeutic strategies, taking into account the possible atypical responses (hyperprogression and pseudoprogression) and immune-related adverse events that could appear on PET images.
  • 637
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Facts about Cutaneous Melanoma
Cutaneous Melanoma is a form of skin cancer characterized by an elevated mutational load that favors high spread to distant organs and resistance to therapies. The identification of biomarkers, able to dissect normal and pathogenic biological processes and response to therapeutic intervention, is necessary to describe melanoma as accurately as possible, having a positive impact on early diagnosis, in turn selecting the best therapeutic option. Recently, a great number of new biomarkers were evaluated, in order to identify those patients who may have clinical benefit from a therapeutic choice, particularly for immunotherapy. At present, these new biomarkers wait to be validated before clinical use. Hence, the requirement to look at and periodically update the advances in this field. 
  • 637
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prominent health issue with an increasing rate of worldwide occurrence. In 2020, HCC accounted for 906,000 new cases and 830,000 new deaths, making it the third greatest cause of cancer death. Liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis, often result in the development of inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis, and subsequent regeneration, which will injure and alter the organization of the liver tissues, contributing to HCC prognosis. The main risk factors include hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), alcohol use disorder, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • 636
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Dll4 and Toll-like Receptors in Cancer Development
Dll4 inhibition regulates cancer stem cells frequency and suspends tumor growth. Dll4 overexpression has proven to be implicated in cancer development by promoting tumor growth.
  • 636
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Locally Advanced/Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer
Risk stratification has been conducted by various research groups and guidelines. Cases with a high risk of recurrence are defined as “high-risk PC”; however, because of the heterogeneity in prognosis among these cases, they have been further subdivided into “very high-risk PC”. Oligometastasis is considered as a metastatic carcinoma that lies between locally advanced carcinoma and widely metastatic carcinoma, and it should be treated separately from both in terms of prognosis and treatment. 
  • 636
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
RCC Metastatic to the Brain
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of primary cancers that frequently metastasize to the brain.
  • 635
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Hyponatremia in Cancer
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in hospitalized patients. This applies also to cancer patients. Multiple causes can lead to hyponatremia, but most frequently this electrolyte disorder is due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. In cancer patients, this syndrome is mostly secondary to ectopic secretion of arginine vasopressin by tumoral cells. 
  • 635
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Omic Biomarkers in Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is among the most aggressive types of cancer, having caused over 495,000 deaths worldwide in 2020, with increasing annual incidence. Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are protrusions found within or on the surface of the pancreas, and in many cases have the potential to become malignant. Current methods of characterising PCLs are imperfect and there is a profound need for improved diagnostic algorithms. This review highlights the importance of biological markers in the context of PCLs and PC, with a focus on ‘omics’-related work. Successful integration of different ‘omics’ data could aid in the identification of a novel integrated biomarker profile for the risk stratification of patients with PCLs and PC.
  • 634
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
SPINK1 in Cancers
Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) is a secreted protein known as a protease inhibitor of trypsin in the pancreas. However, emerging evidence shows its function in promoting cancer progression in various types of cancer. SPINK1 modulated tumor malignancies and induced the activation of the downstream signaling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cancer cells, due to the structural similarity with epidermal growth factor (EGF). The discoverable SPINK1 somatic mutations, expressional signatures, and prognostic significances in various types of cancer have attracted attention as a cancer biomarker in clinical applications.
  • 634
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Infectious Diseases Associated with the Use of IMT
In the last decades, immunotherapy (IMT) added Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) as one of the most potent tools developed recently to improve traditional oncology treatment. ICI consists of using monoclonal antibodies to inhibit the immune checkpoints (IC)-ligand binding, and, consequently, the activation of the immune cells is conserved.
  • 634
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer in Never Smokers
Data indicate that LCINS is a unique tumour with different biology and tumour microenvironment (TME), featuring an adenocarcinoma-predominant histology compared to lung cancer in smokers.
  • 634
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Tumor Microenvironment of Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in the pediatric population. Currently, no effective molecularly targeted therapies are available for OS. The OS tumor grows in a very complex and dynamic bone microenvironment consisting of cellular and noncellular components, including bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), stromal cells (mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts), vascular cells (endothelial cells and pericytes), immune cells (myeloid and lymphoid cells), and mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM). Myeloid cells are the most abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of OS. A single-cell analysis showed multiple ligand–receptor interactions between OS tumor, myeloid, and osteoblast cells, including 21 ligand–receptor gene pairs that are significantly associated with survival outcomes. The TME not only provides favorable conditions for tumor cell growth but also releases a range of elements, including various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, that can promote the metastasis of tumor cells to other tissues and organs. 
  • 634
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is a prevalent cancer associated with poor prognosis in advanced stages. Despite advancements in diagnostic tools, there have been minimal improvements in therapeutic approaches. The potential new frontier lies in the realm of biomarkers.
  • 634
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Side Effects Mechanism of CAR-T Cell Therapy
T cells can be genetically engineered to host chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which can enable the identification and elimination of cancer cells. CARs usually consist of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv, extracellular ligand-binding domain), a spacer domain, a transmembrane region, and intracellular domains. Numerous CAR-T cell treatments have demonstrated exceptional clinical success in treating hematologic malignancies and displayed the immense promise of this ground-breaking technique for cancer immunotherapy. The main impediments to the development of CAR-T cell therapies are the following: cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune-effector-cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), and on-target/off-tumor toxicity (OTOT).
  • 634
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nrf2 in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic tumors are a serious health problem with a 7% mortality rate worldwide. Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress play important roles in the development of pancreatic diseases/cancer. To maintain homeostasis, a balance between free radicals and the antioxidant system is essential. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2/NFE2L2 (Nrf2) and its negative regulator Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) provide substantial protection against damage induced by oxidative stress, and a growing body of evidence points to the canonical and noncanonical Nrf2 signaling pathway as a pharmacological target in the treatment of pancreatic diseases.
  • 633
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Drug Delievery for Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal intrinsic brain tumor. Drug delivery to glioblastoma is challenging because of the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of the tumor, its infiltrative nature, and the blood–brain barrier (BBB). There are several applications of convection-enhanced delivery (CED), controlled-release systems, nanomaterial systems, peptide-based therapeutics, and focused ultrasound for drug delivery to GBM
  • 633
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
HER Tyrosine Kinases in Rhabdomyosarcoma
EGFR is highly expressed by embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) tumors and cell lines, in some cases contributing to tumor growth. If not mutated, HER2 is not directly involved in control of RMS cell growth but can be expressed at significant levels, with a slight prevalence for alveolar RMS (ARMS). A minority of ERMS carries a HER2 mutation with driving activity on tumor growth. HER3 is frequently overexpressed by RMS and can play a role in the residual myogenic differentiation ability and in resistance to signaling-directed therapy. HER family members could be exploited for therapeutic approaches in two ways: blocking with antibodies or inhibitors the HER member driving tumor growth and targeting expressed HER members to vehiculate toxins or immune effectors.
  • 632
  • 04 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Characterizations of Gynecologic Carcinosarcomas
Carcinosarcomas are biphasic tumors composed of an epithelial component and a mesenchymal component. These most commonly arise from the uterus or ovary but can arise from other organs as well, such as the lung or breast. Gynecologic carcinosarcomas are rare but aggressive, comprising less than 5% of uterine and ovarian cancers. However, relative to other high-grade uterine cancers, survival outcomes are much worse. The same is true for ovarian carcinosarcomas relative to high-grade serous ovarian cancers, even when matched for clinical stages.
  • 632
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tumour Heterogeneity in Gastroenteropancreatic-Neoplasms
Tumour heterogeneity is a common phenomenon in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-neoplasms (NENs) and has a negative impact on treatment success and prognosis as it produces cell clones that do not express treatment targets (i.e., SSTR, mammalian target of rapamycin–mTOR- signalling pathway, Ki-67).
  • 632
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Implications of Rectal Cancer Radiotherapy on Immune Microenvironment
The efficiency of (chemo-)radiotherapy for rectal cancer is not only determined by the impact on the tumor cells themselves, but also by the highly individual surrounding tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. However, many aspects of the radiation-induced immune response remain to be fully understood. 
  • 632
  • 20 Nov 2023
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