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Topic Review
Animal Models for Human Neurodegenerative Diseases
Animal models of human neurodegenerative disease have been investigated for several decades. In recent years, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) have become popular in pathogenic and therapeutic studies about human neurodegenerative diseases due to their small size, the optical clarity of embryos, their fast development, and their suitability to large-scale therapeutic screening. 
  • 783
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Chiral Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography
The separation principle of the technique is described and supported with simple graphical illustrations, showing migration under normal and reversed polarity modes of the separation voltage. The most relevant applications of the technique for enantioseparation of drugs and other enantiomeric molecules in different fields using chiral selectors in single, dual, or multiple systems are highlighted. Measures to improve the detection sensitivity of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography with UV detector are discussed, and the alternative aspects are explored, besides special emphases to hyphenation compatibility to mass spectrometry. Partial filling and counter migration techniques are described. Indirect identification of the separated enantiomers and the determination of enantiomeric migration order are mentioned. The application of Quality by Design principles to facilitate method development, optimization, and validation is presented. The elucidation and explanation of chiral recognition in molecular bases are discussed with special focus on the role of molecular modeling. 
  • 782
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Normal and Aberrant MiRNA and Alternative Splicing Events
MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that play a central role in regulating RNA silencing and gene expression. Alternative splicing increases the diversity of the proteome by producing several different spliced mRNAs from a single gene for translation. MiRNA expression and alternative splicing events are rigorously regulated processes. Dysregulation of miRNA and splicing events promote carcinogenesis and drug resistance in cancers including breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal, ovarian and leukemia. Alternative splicing may change the target mRNA 3′UTR binding site.
  • 782
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Dysregulation of mir-106a in Non-Cancer Diseases
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of non-coding RNA with extensive regulatory functions within cells. MiR-106a is recognized for its super-regulatory roles in vital processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that control gene expression at the translation and even transcription levels. miRNAs are critical regulators of biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, apoptosis, and modulation of the host response to viral infection.
  • 782
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Beneficial Effects of Carotenoids
In humans, the beneficial effects of carotenoids have been widely investigated, including protection against oxidative stress, beneficial properties for eyesight, UV protection for the skin, anticancer properties, the enhancement of cognitive function, and prevention against age-related degenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases (blood pressure), and obesity. Some carotenoids (i.e., β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin) are precursors of vitamin A, a vitamin that, among other things, supports vision, immune function, development and growth, and reproduction.
  • 780
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Food Peptides, Gut Microbiota and Hypertension
The gut microbiota is a key element in the regulation of various human processes, including metabolisms, immunity, and the overall health. Hypertension, like other metabolic and chronic diseases, has several contributing factors, some of which have not been clarified. Known factors include diet, genetic inheritance, hormonal imbalance, and inflammation.
  • 779
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome represents the clinical situation characterized by presence of massive proteinuria and low serum protein caused by a variety of diseases, including minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and membranous glomerulonephropathy. Differentiating between diagnoses requires invasive renal biopsies in general. Even with the biopsy, we encounter difficulties to differentiate MCNS and FSGS in some cases. There is no other better option currently available for the diagnosis other than renal biopsy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are no-coding RNAs of approximately 20 nucleotides in length, which regulate target genes in the post-transcriptional processes and have essential roles in many diseases. MiRNAs in serum and urine have been shown as non-invasive biomarkers in multiple diseases, including renal diseases.
  • 778
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Repetitive Sequence Transcription in Breast Cancer
Repetitive sequences represent about half of the human genome. They are actively transcribed and play a role during development and in epigenetic regulation. The altered activity of repetitive sequences can lead to genomic instability and they can contribute to the establishment or the progression of degenerative diseases and cancer transformation. Increased levels of heterochromatic repetitive satellite-coded RNAs in mammary glands induce breast tumor formation in mice, altering the BRCA1-associated protein networks that are required for the proper stabilization of DNA replication forks that in turn lead to genomic instability. In humans, patients with breast cancer that express high levels of RNA derived from alpha satellite have an increased risk of developing multiple cancers.
  • 778
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticle Interaction with Biofilms
A biofilm is an aggregation of surface-associated microbial cells that is confined in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. Infections caused by microbes that form biofilms are linked to a variety of animals, including insects and humans. Antibiotics and other antimicrobials can be used to remove or eradicate biofilms in order to treat infections.
  • 778
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
MiR-183-5p modulates cell adhesion in PrCa
Prostate cancer is a major health problem worldwide. MiR-183 is an oncomiR and a candidate biomarker in prostate cancer, affecting various pathways responsible for disease initiation and progression. Overall, cell adhesion was uncovered as a major pathway controlled by miR-183 in prostate cancer, and ITGB1 was identified as a relevant mediator of this effect.
  • 777
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Hop2-Mnd1 Complex
The Hop2-Mnd1 complex was originally identified as a meiosis-specific factor that is indispensable for successful meiosis in budding yeast. Later, it was found that Hop2-Mnd1 is conserved from yeasts to humans, playing essential roles in meiosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that Hop2-Mnd1 promotes RecA-like recombinases towards homology search/strand exchange.
  • 777
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Inhibitors for Novel Coronavirus Protease
The rapid outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China followed by its spread around the world poses a serious global concern for public health. To this date, no specific drugs or vaccines are available to treat SARS-CoV-2. Thus, there remains an urgent need for the development of specific antiviral therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. To conquer viral infections, the inhibition of proteases essential for proteolytic processing of viral polyproteins is a conventional therapeutic strategy. In order to find novel inhibitors, we computationally screened a compound library of over 606 million compounds for binding at the recently solved crystal structure of the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. A screening of such a vast chemical space for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors has not been reported before. After shape screening, two docking protocols were applied followed by the determination of molecular descriptors relevant for pharmacokinetics to narrow down the number of initial hits. Next, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to validate the stability of docked binding modes and comprehensively quantify ligand binding energies. After evaluation of potential off-target binding, we report a list of 12 purchasable compounds, with binding affinity to the target protease that is predicted to be more favorable than that of the cocrystallized peptidomimetic compound. In order to quickly advise ongoing therapeutic intervention for patients, we evaluated approved antiviral drugs and other protease inhibitors to provide a list of nine compounds for drug repurposing. Furthermore, we identified the natural compounds (−)-taxifolin and rhamnetin as potential inhibitors of Mpro.
  • 776
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Multiple Myeloma MRD
Minimal residual disease is important in evaluating response in multiple myeloma. Either NGS or NGF could be done. Laboratory experience and standardization are needed in order to give high quality Analysis.
  • 775
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Metabolic Engineering of Nicotiana for Anti-Cancer Compound
Alkaloids are the most diversified nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites, having antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and are extensively used in pharmaceuticals to treat different types of cancer. Nicotiana serves as a reservoir of anti-cancer alkaloids and is also used as a model plant for the de novo synthesis of various anti-cancer molecules through genetic engineering. For ease of genetic modification and cultivation, different species of Nicotiana are widely used in biosynthetic pathway reconstitutions of various valuable anti-cancer alkaloids.
  • 774
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Human Triosephosphate Isomerase as Potential Target in Cancer
Cancer involves a series of diseases where cellular growth is not controlled. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and the burden of cancer incidence and mortality is rapidly growing, mainly in developing countries. Many drugs are currently used, from chemotherapeutic agents to immunotherapy, among others, along with organ transplantation. Treatments can cause severe side effects, including remission and progression of the disease with serious consequences. Increased glycolytic activity is characteristic of cancer cells. Triosephosphate isomerase is essential for net ATP production in the glycolytic pathway.
  • 772
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Regulation of Neurogenesis
Mitochondria, far beyond their prominent role as cellular powerhouses, are complex cellular organelles active as central metabolic hubs that are capable of integrating and controlling several signaling pathways essential for neurological processes, including neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. On the other hand, mitochondria are themselves regulated from a series of signaling proteins to achieve the best efficiency in producing energy, in establishing a network and in performing their own de novo synthesis or clearance. Dysfunctions in signaling processes that control mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and bioenergetics are increasingly associated with impairment in brain development and involved in a wide variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. 
  • 771
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Curcumin and Nano-Curcumin Mitigate Neurotoxicity
Curcumin (CUR) is a hydrophobic polyphenolic compound found natively in turmeric. It exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, pulmoprotective, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and antitumor actions. In addition to these pharmacological effects, CUR possesses neuroprotective activity where it protected the brain against oxidative injury induced by heavy metals. 
  • 770
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Adult Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma, or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO Grade IV), is a highly aggressive adult glioma. Despite extensive efforts to improve treatment, the current standard-of-care (SOC) regimen, which consists of maximal resection, radiotherapy, and temozolomide (TMZ), achieves only a 12–15 month survival. 
  • 770
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Plant Vegetative Parts
The detection of chemical species and understanding their respective localisations in tissues have important implications in plant science. The conventional methods for imaging spatial localisation of chemical species are often restricted by the number of species that can be identified and is mostly done in a targeted manner. Mass spectrometry imaging combines the ability of traditional mass spectrometry to detect numerous chemical species in a sample with their spatial localisation information by analysing the specimen in a 2D manner. An insight into the spatial localisations of different chemicals in the plant system can be instrumental in understanding the movement and localisation of plant biochemicals and xenobiotics as well as their responses to different stress and metabolic pathways.
  • 770
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Nucleotide Sugar Transporters
Nucleotide sugars (NSs) serve as substrates for glycosylation reactions. The majority of these compounds are synthesized in the cytoplasm, whereas glycosylation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi lumens, where catalytic domains of glycosyltransferases (GTs) are located. Therefore, translocation of NS across the organelle membranes is a prerequisite. This process is thought to be mediated by a group of multi-transmembrane proteins from the SLC35 family, i.e., nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs).
  • 770
  • 15 Aug 2022
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