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Topic Review
Sarcopenia in Liver Disease
Sarcopenia is characterized by a skeletal muscle disorder with progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and function, and it increases the risk of adverse outcomes with considerable prevalence in patients with chronic liver disease. Sarcopenia in chronic liver disease underlies complicated and multifactorial mechanisms for pathogenesis, including alterations in protein turnover, hyperammonemia, energy disposal, hormonal changes, and chronic inflammation. The key contribution to sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver diseases can be the hyperammonemia-induced upregulation of myostatin, which causes muscle atrophy via the expression of atrophy-related genes.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Curaxins and G-Quadruplex DNA Oligomers
Curaxins and especially the second-generation derivative curaxin CBL0137 have important antitumor activities in multiple cancers such as glioblastoma, melanoma and others. Although most of the authors suggest that their mechanism of action comes from the activation of p53 and inactivation of NF-kB by targeting FACT, there is evidence supporting the involvement of DNA binding in their antitumor activity. In this work, the DNA binding properties of curaxin CBL0137 with model quadruplex DNA oligomers were studied by 1H NMR, CD, fluorescence and molecular modeling. We provided molecular details of the interaction of curaxin with two G-quadruplex structures, the single repeat of human telomere d(TTAGGGT)4 and the c-myc promoter Pu22 sequence.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Genomics and Crop Domestication
Most domesticated crop species share common traits such as increased yield and seed size and decreased dormancy and seed shattering. Though crop domestication is long and slow, only a few genes are involved in it, and some of them are conserved in various species. Hence, both targeted re-domestication and de novo wild species domestication are feasible. In these processes, targeted genes are identified, introgressed, or modified to produce new cultivars. Unlocking the potential of wild crop species domestication will improve global food security and help realize certain sustainable development goals of the United Nations such as zero poverty (No. 1) and zero hunger (No. 2). Targeted domestication, crop improvement, and mass crop cultivation are generally cost-effective approaches towards these objectives.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Garlic Volatile Diallyl Disulfide
Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a major allelochemical of the volatile organic compounds in garlic.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response Signaling
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important subcellular organelle, primarily recognized as a checkpoint for protein folding. It plays an essential role in ensuring the proper folding and maturation of newly secreted and transmembrane proteins. Different processes are activated when around one-third of newly synthesized proteins enter the ER in the eukaryote cells, such as glycosylation, folding, and/or the assembling of these proteins into protein complexes. However, protein folding in the ER is an error-prone process whereby various stresses easily interfere, leading to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins and causing ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a process that involves sensing ER stress. Many strategies have been developed to reduce ER stress, such as UPR, ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and autophagy.  TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian   TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Plant Protein Ingredients
Many kinds of plant proteins are available as functional ingredients in foods, including those derived from cereals, legumes, oilseeds, and algae. Among these, pulse proteins are some of the most frequently used because they can be economically isolated from common natural resources (e.g., peas, chickpeas, lentils, and beans) that contain relatively high protein levels (>20 g protein/100 g dry matter), thereby enhancing their economic viability. Extraction and purification methods can convert pulses into functional ingredients with protein contents ranging from relatively low (<50%) to relatively high (>90%), including flour, concentrates, and isolates.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Infancy Dietary Patterns, Development, and Health
Correct dietary patterns are important for a child’s health from birth to adulthood. Understanding a child’s health as a state of entire physical, mental, and social well-being is essential.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Curcumin-Loaded Silica Nanoparticles
Curcumin has multiple properties that are used to cure different diseases such as cancer, infections, inflammatory, arthritic disease, etc. Despite having many effects, the inherent physicochemical properties—such as poor water solubility, chemical instability, low bioavailability, photodegradation, fast metabolism, and short half-life—of curcumin’s derivatives have limited its medical importance. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are promising drug delivery systems for more effective and safer treatment of several diseases, such as infections, cancers, and osteoporosis. Achieving a high drug loading in MSNs is critical to the success of this type of treatment. Their notable inherent properties—such as adjustable size and porosity, high pore volume, large surface area, functionality of versatile surfaces, as well as biocompatibility—have prompted extraordinary research on MSNs as multi-purpose delivery platforms.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Relationship between Iron and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), are chronic, relapsing inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Interactions between the environmental factors and commensal intestinal microflora in genetically predisposed individuals are considered the leading cause of an inappropriate immune response and as a result, the development of inflammatory disease. Iron is an indispensable nutrient for life. A lack of it leads to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), which currently affects about 1.2 billion people worldwide. The primary means of IDA treatment is oral or parenteral iron supplementation. This can be burdened with numerous side effects such as oxidative stress, systemic and local-intestinal inflammation, dysbiosis, carcinogenic processes and gastrointestinal adverse events.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Reduction (Recursion Theory)
In computability theory, many reducibility relations (also called reductions, reducibilities, and notions of reducibility) are studied. They are motivated by the question: given sets A and B of natural numbers, is it possible to effectively convert a method for deciding membership in B into a method for deciding membership in A? If the answer to this question is affirmative then A is said to be reducible to B. The study of reducibility notions is motivated by the study of decision problems. For many notions of reducibility, if any noncomputable set is reducible to a set A then A must also be noncomputable. This gives a powerful technique for proving that many sets are noncomputable.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Crop Sustainability and Five Domains in Mediterranean Region
Most of the Mediterranean region has experienced frequent natural disasters, expanding population, increase in temperature, and increase in the surface of the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, the temperature in the Mediterranean area is rising 25% faster than the rest of the globe, and in the summer, it is warming 40% faster than the global average. Climate change can alter the food supply, restrict access to food, and degrade food quality. Temperature rises, changes in precipitation patterns, changes in severe weather events, and decreased water availability, for example, might all result in lower agricultural production. The fact that most Mediterranean nations rely on imported basic foodstuffs adds to the severity of the situation. Instability and insecurity of agricultural supply in the region might lead to massive population movement, transforming most Mediterranean nations into a global source of instability.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Echelle Grating Spectroscopic Technology Application
Echelle grating provides high spectral resolving power and diffraction efficiency in a broadband wavelength range by the Littrow mode. The spectrometer with the cross-dispersed echelle scheme has seen remarkable growth in recent decades. Rather than the conventional approach with common blazed grating, the cross-dispersed echelle scheme achieves the two-dimensional spatial distribution of the spectrum by one exposure without scanning in the broadband spectral range. It is the fastest and most sensitive spectroscopic technology as of now, and it has been extensively applied in commercial and astronomical spectrometers.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chaenocephalus Aceratus
Chaenocephalus aceratus, commonly known as the blackfin icefish or the Scotia Sea icefish, is a species of crocodile icefish belonging to the family Channichthyidae. The blackfin icefish belongs to Notothenioidei, a suborder of fishes that accounts for 90% of the fish fauna on the Antarctic continental shelf. Icefishes, also called white-blooded fishes, are a unique family in that they are the only known vertebrates to lack haemoglobin, making their blood oxygen carrying capacity just 10% that of other teleosts. Icefishes have translucent blood and creamy white gills.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome Composition in Patients with Chronic Urticaria
Chronic urticaria (CU), whether spontaneous or inducible, is characterized by recurrent episodes of pruritic wheals, with or without associated angioedema persisting longer than 6 weeks.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis
Today, Enterococcus faecalis is one of the main causes of infective endocarditis in the world, generally affecting an elderly and fragile population, with a high mortality rate. Enterococci are partially resistant to many commonly used antimicrobial agents such as penicillin and ampicillin, as well as high-level resistance to most cephalosporins and sometimes carbapenems, because of low-affinity penicillin-binding proteins, that lead to an unacceptable number of therapeutic failures with monotherapy. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
DoS Attack in Cloud Based Kubernetes Using eBPF
Kubernetes is an orchestration tool that runs and manages container-based workloads. It works as a collection of different virtual or physical servers that support multiple storage capacities, provide network functionalities, and keep all containerized applications active in a desired state. It also provides an increasing fleet of different facilities, known as microservices. However, Kubernetes’ scalability has led to a complex network structure with an increased attack vector. Attackers can launch a Denial of service (DoS) attack against servers/machines in Kubernetes by producing fake traffic load, for instance. DoS or Distributed Denial of service (DDoS) attacks are malicious attempts to disrupt a targeted service by flooding the target’s service with network packets. Constant observation of the network traffic is extremely important for the early detection of such attacks. Extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) and eXpress Datapath (XDP) are advanced technologies in the Linux kernel that perform high-speed packet processing. In the case of Kubernetes, eBPF and XDP can be used to protect against DDoS attacks by enabling fast and efficient network security policies.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Coronagraph
A coronagraph is a telescopic attachment designed to block out the direct light from a star so that nearby objects – which otherwise would be hidden in the star's bright glare – can be resolved. Most coronagraphs are intended to view the corona of the Sun, but a new class of conceptually similar instruments (called stellar coronagraphs to distinguish them from solar coronagraphs) are being used to find extrasolar planets and circumstellar disks around nearby stars as well as host galaxies in quasars and other similar objects with active galactic nuclei (AGN).
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
89Zr-PET Imaging Other than Immuno-PET
89Zr is an emerging radionuclide that plays an essential role in immuno‐positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Immuno‐PET combines the sensitivity of PET with the specificity of antibodies, and thus is useful for predicting the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy and antibody therapies, imaging target expression, detecting target‐expressing tumors, and the monitoring of anti‐cancer chemotherapies. PET using 89Zr is not confined to antibody imaging. In this review, we discuss 89Zr‐PET applications other than immuno‐PET.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus
Herpes is a widespread viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) that has no permanent cure to date. There are two subtypes, HSV-1 and HSV-2, that are known to cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from acute to chronic. HSV is highly contagious and can be transmitted via any type of physical contact. Additionally, viral shedding can also happen from asymptomatic infections. Thus, early and accurate detection of HSV is needed to prevent the transmission of this infection. Herpes can be diagnosed in two ways, by either detecting the presence of the virus in lesions or the antibodies in the blood. Different detection techniques are available based on both laboratory and point of care (POC) devices. Laboratory techniques include different biochemical assays, microscopy, and nucleic acid amplification. In contrast, POC techniques include microfluidics-based tests that enable on-spot testing.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Participatory Democracy and Sustainability
The crisis of representative democracy triggered democratic innovations. Endeavors for the qualification of democratic systems and democratic reforms are high on the agenda. Political participation plays an important role in democracies. With the Rio conference in the 1990s, the Local Agenda 21 strategies strengthened a new trend towards more deliberative political participation, focusing on sustainability. Political participation is defined as an individual and organized act to influence political decision-making. Democratic innovations focus on political participatory instruments, electoral reforms, etc. In contrast, civic engagement and all forms of communal self-help predominately concentrate on producing certain services and, in general, do not include any decision-making competencies. This social innovation is not primarily oriented towards the influence of decision-making, but focuses on civic engagement as co-production. Political participation and civic engagement are interdependent, but have to be differentiated.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2021
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