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Topic Review
RF, ACPA and anti-CarP Ab
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease mainly involving synovial inflammation and articular bone destruction. RA is a heterogeneous disease with diverse clinical presentations, prognoses and therapeutic responses. Following the first discovery of rheumatoid factors (RFs) 80 years ago, the identification of both anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) and anti-carbamylated protein antibodies (anti-CarP Abs) has greatly facilitated approaches toward RA, especially in the fields of early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of the disease.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Fungicide Resistance Non-Target Site Mechanisms
The rapid emergence of resistance in plant pathogens to the limited number of chemical classes of fungicides challenges sustainability and profitability of crop production worldwide. Under-standing mechanisms underlying fungicide resistance facilitates monitoring of resistant popula-tions at large-scale, and can guide and accelerate the development of novel fungicides.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
IoT Technologies during COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic provided a much-needed sanity check for IoT-inspired frameworks and solutions. IoT solutions such as remote health monitoring and contact tracing provided support for authorities to successfully manage the spread of the coronavirus. 
  • 1.4K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic Plasmonic Particles for Bioapplications
The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, that uses magnetic plasmonic particles (MPPs), is an advanced SERS detection platform owing to the synergetic effects of the particles’ magnetic and plasmonic properties. As well as being an ultrasensitive and reliable SERS material, MPPs perform various functions, such as aiding in separation, drug delivery, and acting as a therapeutic material.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Tannin Gels
Tannins are one of the most natural, non-toxic, and highly reactive aromatic biomolecules classified as polyphenols. The reactive phenolic compounds present in their chemical structure can be an alternative precursor for the preparation of several polymeric materials for applications in distinct industries: adhesives and coatings, leather tanning, wood protection, wine manufacture, animal feed industries, and recently also in the production of new porous materials (i.e., foams and gels). Among these new polymeric materials synthesized with tannins, organic and carbon gels have shown remarkable textural and physicochemical properties.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous saprophytic fungus. Inhalation of A. fumigatus spores can lead to Invasive Aspergillosis (IA) in people with weakened immune systems. The use of triazole antifungals with the demethylation inhibitor (DMI) mode of action to treat IA is being hampered by the spread of DMI-resistant “ARAf” (azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus) genotypes.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Ribosome Display Technology
Antibody ribosome display remains one of the most successful in vitro selection technologies for antibodies fifteen years after it was developed. The unique possibility of direct generation of whole proteins, particularly single-chain antibody fragments (scFvs), has facilitated the establishment of this technology as one of the foremost antibody production methods. Ribosome display has become a vital tool for efficient and low-cost production of antibodies for diagnostics due to its advantageous ability to screen large libraries and generate binders of high affinity. The remarkable flexibility of this method enables its applicability to various platforms. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Medicinal Plants of the Himalayas
WHO recommends cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, with nearly 10 million deaths predicted in 2020(1). The bioactivities of phytocompounds for various health benefits have been studied for decades. Synthetic drugs are being replaced by phytocompounds which have great advantages due to their effects on a wide range of target cells with lower cell cytotoxicity effects or side effects compared to synthetic anticancer compounds, which are a single-target effect for prevention and treatment of carcinoma. Various medicinal plants and their nanoparticles have anticancer activity, namely Murraya koenigii leaf extract ZnO nanoparticlets. Most modern drugs used to treat cancer originate from various medicinal plants; 50% of the anticancer drugs originate from medicinal plants. In developing countries, more than 80% of people use medicinal plants as traditional medicinal therapy and 60% of cancer patients use herbal treatment as an option to cure cancer. Currently, for high-risk breast cancer patients, tamoxifen and related compounds such as raloxifene are prescribed. The phytocompounds most studied in different research papers for the treatment of cancer (anti-proliferative activity) are curcumin, polyphenols, Withaferin A (WFA), a triterpenoid, celastrol, and berry bioactives. Vinca alkaloids, podophyllotoxin, taxanes, campothecin, homoharringtonine, saponin, isoquinoline, shatavarine IV, stigamsterola, calotropin, and shikonin phytocompounds are discussed as follows. Cancer as well as boosting the immune system.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Formulation of Marketing Strategies for Cultured Meat
Existing conventional meat production systems have negative environmental effects, coupled with growing public health concerns. Furthermore, growing population has continued to increase the consumer demand for meat. Research suggested the utilization of cultured meat (CUME) grown from animal cells without encompassing the slaughtering process. Additional benefits of CUME include being environmentally friendly, with lower production of greenhouse gases, reduced land, and water usage. Studies were conducted to determine the overall consumer acceptability of CUME. Studies have also elaborated that wide-scale adoption of CUME is dependent on a multitude of factors, including regulatory bodies, economic availability, religion, and media perception of CUME.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Immune Response against the Graft in Renal Transplantation
Kidney transplantation is the better choice for patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD), since it improves the quality of life of the recipients and reduces the associated cost of dialysis. However, long-term transplant survival remains a challenge in the renal transplantation community. The main causes of long-term graft loss are acute and chronic rejection, as well as the complications related to immunosuppression therapy.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Phase Transition of Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Lipid based nanoparticles effectively transport delicate molecules for therapeutic purposes, protecting them from degradation, increasing their stability in the blood circulation and allowing to convey and release the transported substances in specific areas of the body. The formulation of liposomes, cubosomes and hexosomes can be tuned to obtain pH- or temperature responsive nanoparticles. Understanding the response to such external stimuli is of paramount importance for the design and production of efficient drug delivery systems. 
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Biological Activity of Coriander Essential Oil
There has been a growing demand for the use of naturally-derived compounds in medicine, food preservation, pesticides, and herbicides. The coriander essential oils, produced as secondary metabolites, contain single or groups of phytocompounds that possess pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and insecticidal properties. The biological activities and therapeutic effects of coriander essential oil make it a suitable agent for treating bacterial and fungal infections in plants and animals, and for use in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Ethylene and ACC in Plants
The molecule 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) is the immediate precursor of the plant hormone ethylene in most seed plant species. Both 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and ethylene can affect plant growth and development in a variety of ways.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Managing Earthquake Debris
Earthquakes have the potential to cause severe and widespread structural damage to buildings and infrastructure in the affected area. Earthquake debris mainly results from building collapses during intense ground motion and the emergency demolition of damaged and unstable buildings following a devastating earthquake. Debris management constitutes a major challenge that must be met by all those participating in disaster management as it poses threats to both the natural environment and public health in an earthquake-affected area. 
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Semaphorin 6 Family Proteins Drive Cancer Progression
According to recent evidence, some groups of semaphorins (SEMAs) have been associated with cancer progression. These proteins are able to modulate the cellular signaling of particular receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) via the stimulation of SEMA-specific coreceptors, namely plexins (plexin-A, -B, -C, -D) and neuropilins (Np1, Np2), which share common domains with RTKs, leading to the coactivation of the latter receptors. MET, ERBB2, VEGFR2, PFGFR, and EGFR, among others, represent acknowledged targets of semaphorins that are often associated with tumor progression or poor prognosis. In particular, higher expression of SEMA6 family proteins in cancer cells and stromal cells of the cancer niche is often associated with enhanced tumor angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to anticancer therapy. Notably, high SEMA6 expression in malignant tumor cells such as melanoma, pleural mesothelioma, gastric cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, and glioblastoma may serve as a prognostic biomarker of tumor progression. To date, very few studies have focused on the mechanisms of transmembrane SEMA6-driven tumor progression and its underlying interplay with RTKs within the tumor microenvironment. The growing evidence is presented in the literature on the complex and shaping role of SEMA6 family proteins in cancer responsiveness to environmental stimuli.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sol-Gel and Layer-by-Layer Coatings
The use of urface-engineered coatings for the fire protection of cotton fabrics is continously growing. In this context, two main approaches have been extensively investigated, namely sol-gel derived coatings and layer-by-layer assemblies. These approaches are both capable of providing treated fabrics with outstanding flame-retardant features, when exposed to a flame or an irradiative heat flux.  This review work aims at discussing the recent progresse with respect to both strategies, highlighting current limitations, open challenges, and possible further developments.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Targeting Epigenetic Modifications in UM
Uveal melanoma (UM), the most common intraocular malignancy in adults, is a rare subset of melanoma. Despite effective primary therapy, around 50% of patients will develop the metastatic disease. Several clinical trials have been evaluated for patients with advanced UM, though outcomes remain dismal due to the lack of efficient therapies. Epigenetic dysregulation consisting of aberrant DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small non-coding RNA expression, silencing tumor suppressor genes, or activating oncogenes, have been shown to play a significant role in UM initiation and progression. Given that there is no evidence any approach improves results so far, adopting combination therapies, incorporating a new generation of epigenetic drugs targeting these alterations, may pave the way for novel promising therapeutic options. Furthermore, the fusion of effector enzymes with nuclease-deficient Cas9 (dCas9) in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated protein 9 (Cas9) system equips a potent tool for locus-specific erasure or establishment of DNA methylation as well as histone modifications and, therefore, transcriptional regulation of specific genes.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Senior housing universal design
The senior housing universal design (SHUD) is relatively new, and uprising approach to primarily construct flats that would meet the needs of the elderly and/or disabled ones. These have been termed “barrier-free flats”. The necessary adaptations are implemented at the architectural design stage and involve modifications of bathroom, kitchen, household equipment, furniture, doors, as well as passageways. The primary SHUD of living spaces suitable for senior citizens (barrier-free flats) is more beneficial from the socio-economic perspective as compared to the adaptation of existing houses. 
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
5-Methylcytosine
The human genome has additional regulation layers for the regulation of transcription. The DNA methylation is a key epigenetic process that sharp in functional regions in the genome. The 5-methylcytosine patterns in promoter regions are related to gene expression regulation.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation of PP2C Genes
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) triggers cellular tolerance responses to osmotic stress caused by drought and salinity. ABA controls the turgor pressure of guard cells in the plant epidermis, leading to stomatal closure to minimize water loss. However, stomatal apertures open to uptake CO2 for photosynthesis even under stress conditions. ABA modulates its signaling pathway via negative feedback regulation to maintain plant homeostasis. In the nuclei of guard cells, the clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) counteract SnRK2 kinases by physical interaction, and thereby inhibit activation of the transcription factors that mediate ABA-responsive gene expression. Under osmotic stress conditions, PP2Cs bind to soluble ABA receptors to capture ABA and release active SnRK2s. Thus, PP2Cs function as a switch at the center of the ABA signaling network. ABA induces the expression of genes encoding repressors or activators of PP2C gene transcription. These regulators mediate the conversion of PP2C chromatins from a repressive to an active state for gene transcription. The stress-induced chromatin remodeling states of ABA-responsive genes could be memorized and transmitted to plant progeny; i.e., transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Jan 2021
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